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India and Mughal

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India and Mughal
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Chapter 24: The New Imperialism

European Claims in Muslim Regions
Stresses in Muslim Regions
1798- Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign
Highlighted Ottoman decline- Egypt was Ottoman province
Opened new era of European contact with Muslim regions
Muslim lands
Extended from western Africa to Southeast Asia
Muslim empires in 1500s
Ottomans in Middle East
Safavids in Persia
Mughals in India
Empires in Decline
1700s- All 3 Muslim empires were in decline
Central gov’t lost control over powerful groups:
Landowning nobles
Military elites
Urban craft guilds
Widespread corruption
Muslim scholars & religious leaders
Allied with the state
Helped stir discontent against gov’t
Faced threats from Western imperialists
Rise of Muslim Reform Movements
1700s-1800s in Africa & Asia
Stressed religious piety
Emphasized strict rules of behavior
Usman dan Fodio- reforms of Muslim practices in northern Africa
Muhammad Ahmad
Announced he was Mahdi- long-awaited savior of Islam
He & his followers resisted British expansion into Sudan
Wahhabi movement in Arabia
Rejected schools of theology & law in Ottoman empire
Recalled purity & simplicity of Muhammad’s original teachings
Revolt was put down but movement survived
Teachings are still influential in Saudi Arabia
European Imperialism
European powers won treaties
Through diplomacy & military threats
Given favorable trading terms
Special rights for Europeans living in Muslim lands
Demanded for by European powers
Powers intervened in local affairs to protect rights
Problems for the Ottoman Empire
Height of empire extended across:
North Africa
Southeastern Europe
Middle East
1800s- Empire faced serious challenges
Pashas
Provincial rulers
Increased their power
Economic problems
Corruption
Nationalist Revolts Break Out
Internal revolts weakened the multiethnic empire
Subject peoples threatened to break away
North Africa
Eastern Europe
Middle
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