Indian Education Sytem
Indian Higher Education Reform: From Half-Baked Socialism to Half-Baked Capitalism
Devesh Kapur and Pratap Bhanu Mehta CID Working Paper No. 108 September 2004
© Copyright 2004 Devesh Kapur, Pratap Bhanu Mehta and the President and Fellows of Harvard College
Working Papers
Center for International Development at Harvard University
INDIAN HIGHER EDUCATION REFORM: FROM HALF-BAKED SOCIALISM TO HALF-BAKED CAPITALISM
Devesh Kapur
Frederick Danziger Associate Professor of Government Harvard University 1033 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02138-5319 email: dkapur@latte.harvard.edu And
Pratap Bhanu Mehta
President, Centre for Policy Research, Dharma Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi - 110 021
email: pratapbmehta@yahoo.co.in
September 2004
ABSTRACT
This paper examines the political economy of Indian higher (tertiary) education. We first provide an empirical mapping of Indian higher education and demonstrate that higher education in India is being de facto privatized on a massive scale. But this privatization is not a result of changing ideological commitments of the key actors—the state, the judiciary or India’s propertied classes. Rather, this privatization has resulted from a breakdown of the state system and an exit of Indian elites from public institutions, to both private sector institutions within the country as well as abroad. Private philanthropy in higher education, which was supportive of public institutions in the past, is also increasingly withdrawing its support. Consequently the ideological and institutional underpinnings of this form of privatization remain exceedingly weak. The paper questions the extent to which the political economy of Indian higher education can be explained by the hypothesis of “middle class capture” and suggests that education policy, far from serving the interests of the middle class, is actually driven by a combination of ideology and vested interests. We also examine the role of the judiciary in shaping the regulatory
Devesh Kapur and Pratap Bhanu Mehta CID Working Paper No. 108 September 2004
© Copyright 2004 Devesh Kapur, Pratap Bhanu Mehta and the President and Fellows of Harvard College
Working Papers
Center for International Development at Harvard University
INDIAN HIGHER EDUCATION REFORM: FROM HALF-BAKED SOCIALISM TO HALF-BAKED CAPITALISM
Devesh Kapur
Frederick Danziger Associate Professor of Government Harvard University 1033 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02138-5319 email: dkapur@latte.harvard.edu And
Pratap Bhanu Mehta
President, Centre for Policy Research, Dharma Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi - 110 021
email: pratapbmehta@yahoo.co.in
September 2004
ABSTRACT
This paper examines the political economy of Indian higher (tertiary) education. We first provide an empirical mapping of Indian higher education and demonstrate that higher education in India is being de facto privatized on a massive scale. But this privatization is not a result of changing ideological commitments of the key actors—the state, the judiciary or India’s propertied classes. Rather, this privatization has resulted from a breakdown of the state system and an exit of Indian elites from public institutions, to both private sector institutions within the country as well as abroad. Private philanthropy in higher education, which was supportive of public institutions in the past, is also increasingly withdrawing its support. Consequently the ideological and institutional underpinnings of this form of privatization remain exceedingly weak. The paper questions the extent to which the political economy of Indian higher education can be explained by the hypothesis of “middle class capture” and suggests that education policy, far from serving the interests of the middle class, is actually driven by a combination of ideology and vested interests. We also examine the role of the judiciary in shaping the regulatory
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