Parkin (2012: 522) described inflation as “a persistently rising price level” and price level as “the average level of prices, and the value of money”. A price increase would cause people to buy less, and a decrease in demand for products would cause prices to fall. Parkin (2012) said that expected inflation is promoting a healthy and a strong economy. However, if the burst of inflation is unanticipated, it brings big problems and risks. Employees are worse off because their earned income to get less than before due to price hike. Conversely, employers receive higher profits and better return on their investment, which leads to an increase in investment, production boom and real GDP rises with lower unemployment rate. However, this situation is temporary, spending cools and investment drops, following a fall in GDP and rising unemployment rate. Unexpected inflation redistributes wealth between borrowers and lenders. The borrower pays the fix rate loan with lesser dollars and brings an impact to lenders such as banks and other financial institutions. In summary, we can not wait macroeconomic to correct itself and the government should take measures to control inflation, ease economic uncertainty and restore economic stability.…
Finally, the government is failing yet again to control the level of inflation, as it is currently high, at 5%. This is because many commodities went up in price, such as oil. This…
Economic indicators like Inflation, GDP growth, Borrowing from Central bank, Monetary Policy and CBI, Nominal and Real interest rates, Wage rates and Output sacrifice ratio have been analyzed to explore the effectiveness of Monetary Policy in Pakistan. Analysis of various economic indicators show that performance on these indicators could have been better had our monetary authorities had more autonomy.…
Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) has been initiated by Government of Pakistan with initial allocation of Rs.34 billion (US $ 425 million approximately) for the year 2008-09 which is the third largest allocation in the total budget and is 0.3% of the GDP for the year 2008-09. The Programme has been initiated to partially offset the impact of inflation on the purchasing power of the poorer sections of the society. In the years 2005-07, inflation stood at almost 10% with food inflation in the range of 13-15%. In the year 2007-08 sharp rise in oil prices and primary products in the international as well as domestic market resulted in double digit inflation rate, which has almost halved the purchasing power of the people. Hence there is urgent need for direct and speedy relief to the poor sections of the society and BISP is the response to the above compulsions. The Programme is aimed at covering almost 15% of the entire population, which constitutes 40% of the population below the poverty line. A monthly payment of Rs.1000/ per family would increase the income of a family earning Rs.5000 by 20%. BISP will cover all four provinces including FATA, AJK, and FANA & ICT. Husband, wife and dependent children constitute a family.…
Das ist der Titel unter dem die junge Filmemacherin Petra Roschek den Film der ihre Modellkarriere und den Kampf gegen ihre Essstörung dokumentiert. In einer Welt in der es immer mehr Überfluss, Konsum und Leistungsdruck gibt, haben viele Mädchen und auch immer mehr junge Männer psychische Probleme, die sich aufs Essverhalten auswirken. Petra Roschek rechnet mit der Welt des Essens, Hungerns und Schlankheitswahn ab.…
Currency notes worth Rs153.750 billion were printed during the fiscal year 2009-10. The prime reason for this increase in currency in circulation is heavy government borrowings from the State Bank of Pakistan for budgetary support. The government borrowings from SBP essentially mean new money, besides being inflationary. An understanding between SBP and the government to restrict such borrowings at the end-Sept level of Rs1, 290 billion will help in restraining the printing of new notes and to reduce the currency in circulation. If the inflation had increased due to printing of new currency notes it will reduce the financial intermediation. The currency in circulation has increased by Rs263 billion during 2011, showing a year-on-year growth of 19 per cent as on Feb 15, 2011 from June 30, 2010. The currency-to-deposit ratio has also increased to 33…
Inflation is a burning issue in Pakistan. Pakistan has double digit inflation. The factor determine the inflation, first of all money supply are the major determinant of the inflation. In case of Pakistan concluded that in the long run excess money supply is the main factor responsible for inflation. The data given below is from year (1998-2008). Data shows that how much percentage change was change every year.…
The recent inflation rise was largely cyclical and that the structural inflation trend should remain stable in the range of 5-5.5%.…
Have you ever wondered why the price of an item that you normally buy keeps increasing every other time you buy it? Every month, prices of raw materials keep rising and rising. Companies are forced to increase their prices to keep the profits margin up and employees are also expecting higher and higher wage due to the simple fact that they can’t afford the increasing cost of living. On one hand, companies need to price their goods relatively high to cover increasing cost of raw materials. But at the same time, employees are demanding pay rose since commodities prices are increasing. If the companies increase their employee’s wages, they need to increase the price of their products again, leading to higher prices in commodities. This interlocking effect is the work of inflation and if a country is not cautious, their economy can be severely damaged. In a way, inflation affects everyone living in this world and in today’s economy, not everyone has the same income and purchasing power. When cost of living becomes too high, it would have undesirable effects on us. So how high is too high and how much is too much? Therefore, it is important for us to understand what exactly is causing this constant increase in price and find ways to control it. For the rest of this paper, our analysis is based on an article from The Straits Times dated 25th February 2008, entitled “January inflation may be as high as in 70s oil crisis”.…
Given the fact that, petrol and Diesel are the main fuel for the movement of goods, inflation is very much likely to increase. Most of the essential commodities such as pulses, vegetables and other cereal items are likely to become expensive due to increase in the transportation cost. Also the price of cooking gas has also gone up by 35 Rs. per 14.5 kg cylinder. All this is likely to inflict pain to a common man who is already bearing the brunt of high inflation this year.…
Abstract The study analyzed the major determinants of inflation in Bangladesh using data for the period from 1978 to 2010. The study employed Johansen-Juselius cointegration methodology to test for the existence of a long run relationship between the variables. The cointegrating regression considers only the long-run property of the model, and does not deal with the short-run dynamics explicitly. For this, the error correction from the long run determinants of inflation is then used as a dynamic model to estimate the short run determinants of inflation. The study concluded that the GDP, broad money, government expenditure and import have a positive effect on the inflation in long run. On the other hand, government revenue and export have a negative effect. The government expenditure coefficient is 0.466 and the money supply coefficient is 0.337, implying a one percent increase in government expenditure and one percent increase in money supply elicit 0.466% and 0.337% increase in inflation respectively. In the short-run money supply has been found to be major factor influencing inflation in the country. Key words: cointegration, error correction model, broad money. 1. Introduction One of the most enduring debates in economics is whether demand side factors (a consequence of increased economic activity) or supply side factors (due to increased cost) cause inflation. Milton Friedman (1963) wrote Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. The Quantity…
Abstract— Inflation is the rise in the prices of goods and services and affects all the major sectors in an economy. Inflation also reflects…
However, high inflation and wealth inequity are two conditions that may slow Egypt’s economic activity in the near future. Maintain high inflation rate decreases the actual value of Egypt’s currency and drains nation’s wealth. The inequitable distribution of wealth could wear down the social fabric, and then destroy the economic system in Egypt. Thus, the Egyptian government should devise a way to decrease the inflation and wealth gap among people.…
In Pakistan, the most important thing is the rise in prices of oil, gas, excise duties and the increase in the utility tariffs. These all has an inflationary impact on the economy.…
Inflation, as defined in the English dictionary, is “a persistent, substantial rise in the general level of prices related to an increase in the volume of money and resulting in the loss of value of currency, which is usually measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI)”. In the context of market economy, prices are showing the application so it can be said that inflation is caused by a “mismatch” between aggregate demand and aggregate supply, signaling economic imbalance. However, in its complexity, inflation is a monetary imbalance caused by increasing the amount of money in the economy and hence the declining purchasing power of the currency. Ludwig von Mises explained the phenomenon using the example of the situation in the economies of European countries in the 16th century, when there was a penetration of large amounts of precious metals (gold, silver, etc.) from U.S., determining the amount of money and also the prices in Europe to increase. Similar to that, when a government increases the quantity of paper money, it results in a decrease of the purchasing power, and increase in prices. Inflation has always been around, and it has always been rising, but experts have different opinions on how it is going to affect the economic development.…