Insulin Signaling

The best common consequence of disrupted insulin signaling is insulin resistance. Insulin resistance occurs when normal levels of insulin are inadequate to produce a normal insulin response from fat, liver, or muscle cells. Multiple cellular studies have shown that under oxidative stress conditions, insulin signaling is impaired, resulting in insulin resistance of the cell [42]. This is frequently investigated by measuring glucose uptake, glycogen, and protein synthesis in a cell after exposing it to H2O2. The exact link between oxidative stress and impaired insulin signaling is not fully understood, but several well- accepted mechanisms have been proposed. These include ROS- impaired insulin signaling caused by inducing IRS serine/threonine