Integumentary System

1.The human body has many system including the integument. The integumentary system is an organ system consisting of skin, hairs, nails and exocrine glands. The Skin as a largest organs in human body serves as protection and covering, composed of two region the epidermis and dermis. The most superficial and outer layer of skin is Epidermis that covers the entire body surface. The epidermis is avascular means that it has no blood supply also has four to five distinct layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum,stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. The deepest layer in epidermis and undergo mitosis is the strarum basale .Next to stratum basale is stratum spinosum as spiny layer, it has a cellular projections form from keratinocytes
to hold them together and avoid friction. The stratum granulosum as granular layer, the keratinocytes here produced a waxy lamellar granule to waterproofing the skin and it started to die due to lack of nutrients.
The Stratum lucidum found only in a thick and hairless skin (e.g. Palm), it protects the underlying layer. The stratum corneum is the outermost layer in epidermis, it has a keratin and glycolipid to waterproof the skin and to avoid penetration and abrasion. The next layer in skin is dermis which the deep layer of skin and well-vascularized means that it has blood supply. Dermis has two distinct region: the Papillary and Reticular layer. Papillary layer is an upper dermal region which has projections called dermal papillae that responsible in fingerprint and capillary loops. Reticular the deepest layer in skin, it contains blood vessels, collagen fibers that gives skin toughness and elastic fiber for
elasticity.
2 Human integument consisting of hair, skin, nails and exocrine glands also has a keratin and melanin. The keratin is produced by keratinocytes that serves for waterproof and melanin is produced by melanocytes that serves for pigment of our skin. While Amphibian's integument has skin but lack of hair and scale. The skin of amphibians the ectodermal (epidermis) and mesodermal (dermis). The Ectodermal an outer and has 5 to7 layers of cell that formed from basal stratum germinativum, so the cells will keratinized to form stratum corneum and mesodermal it richly supplied the blood vessels and lymph spaces, it composed of two layers the outer stratum spongiosum made up of a areolar connective tissue and responsible for the skin color of amphibians called chromatophores. Also it has mucus so that permeable in water, to moist skin for protection and respiration, it helps to control body temperature of organism but for human we need to sweat by activated of an exocrine glands to maintain body temperature.
3.
Our skin helps to control body temperature known as thermoregulation. The thermoregulation as one of the process in homeostasis that both of skin and hypothalamus receptor are involved. The hypothalamus will send a signals in skin which of the Krause (hot) or Ruffini (cold) are appropriately activated , and sweat glands is activated to release sweat so that the temperature in the body will appropriately response back to normal either decreasing or increasing. The sensitivity in our skin is because of the receptor including pain and touch. One of the human sense has is the touch or somatosensory system. The pacinian corpuscle serve as a largest touch sensor found in a third layer of skin, the hypodermis and meissner’s corpuscle activated for light toucf . Also the nociceptor is in ivolved it is responsible for detecting the
pain.