a.k.a. talamencephalon or betweenbrain
-between midbrain and cerebrall hemisphere;link
-encloses third ventricle; found between two thalami 4 Divisions:
1. Epithalamus
2.Thalamus
3.Hypothalamus
3. SUbthalamus
*epi and thala:dorsally located
1. Epithalamus STRUCTURES:
a. habenula
gray matter
soma or body of the neurons
found to link the limbic system with reticular formation(arousal)
b. stria medullaris
fibers
extension to the lower part of brain
c. epiphysis (pineal gland)
secretes melatonin:sleep chemical;third eye
2. Thalamus-thalami(two hemisphere/parts)
made up of nuclei
last relay station except for smell
screening structure 4 Divisions:
a. medial geniculate body: audition-temporal
b. lateral geniculate body: vision-occipital
c. ventral postero-lateral nucleus (VPL)
-center for somatosensation
-e.g. pain and temperature of the trunk and extremities
d. ventral postero-median nucleus (VPM)
-somtasensation in the head region
RELATED CONCEPTS:
1. Epicritic/Discriminative Sensibility
-fine touch
-tells the location and number of stimuli
2. Steriognosis
-ability to identify object through touch without the aid of the sense of sight
3. Astereognosia
-inability to identify object through touch alone
SOMATOSENSORY/BODY SENS-new term
SOMESTHETIC-old term
4. Hypothalamus
chief subcortical center; regulation of autonomic activities
emotion control, water and temperature regulation, sympathetic and parasympathetic activities PARTS:
a) Lateral hypothalamic nucleus (hunger)
b) ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (satiety) *Hyperphagia- damage to VMHN *Hypophagia-damage to LHN
4. Subthalamus
a.k.a. prethalamus
forms part of extrapyramidal system
CEREBRAL CORTEX (telencephalon/cerebrum)
largest part of the brain
higher brain functions
GM (cell bodies) outside
WM (fiber tracts inside)
2 hemisphere, 4 lobes
FUNCTIONS:
Left Right
Analytical thought Holistic thought
Logic Intuition
Language Creativity
Science and health Arts and music
*corpus callosum-bad of white fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres
LOBES: Frontal, Occipital, Parietal, Temporal
a) Frontal-voluntary skeletal muscle
-concentration, planning, complex problem solving, judging consequences of behavior
b) Parietal-somatosensations
-speech, words to express thoughts and feelings
c) Temporal-hearing
-visual scenes, music, complex sensory patterns
d) Occipital-vision
-vision with other sensory experiences
Cerebral Cortex (GM area)
2-4 cm thick
highly convoluted (wrinkled and folded) increasing the surface are of the cortex
1. sulcus-shallow grooves on the cortex
2. fissure-deep sulcus
3. gyrus-bumps/elevated ridges/convolution on the ridges
*lateral cortex-covers the sides
*medial cortex-covers the middle. lie within the longitudinal cerebral fissure
BRODMANN’S CLASSIFICATION
one of the cortical areas mapped out on the basis of its cytocerchitectur (?)
MAJOR SULCI/FISSURE:
1. Median Longitudinal Fissure-seperates the left and right cerebral hemisphere. Center is corpus callosum
2. Central Sulcus/Rolando’s Fissue-frontal/parietal; runs from the median longitudinal fissure to the lateral sulcus/fissure
3. Lateral Sulcus/Sylvian Fissure-frontal and parietal from temporal
4. Parieto-occipital-parieto/occipital
BRODMANN’S AREAS AND MAJOR GYRIS
1. Frontal lobe-contains areas that Brodmann identified as involved in cognitive functions.
• Area 4-precentral gyrus-primary motor area/motor strip
• Area 6-premotor/supplementary motor area
• Area 8-anterior of premotor cortex;visual reflexes;eye movements
• Area 4s-suppresor band
• Areas 44,45-Broca’s area;speech motor area
The areas in the PARIETAL LOBE play a role in somatosensory processes
2. Parietal Lobe
• Areas 3,1,2-postcentral gyrus: primary somatosensory cortex
• Areas 5,7,40-presensory to sensory association area
• Area 39-angular gyrus-recognition of visual symbols
Areas involved in auditory processes
3. Temporal Lobe
• Areas 41,42-Heschl’s Gyri or anterior transverse temporal gyrus
• Area 41-primary auditory area
• Areas 21,22-auditory association area or wernicke’s area-understanding speech
• Area 37-object naming area
The occipital lobe contains areas that process visual stimuli
4. Occipital Lobe
• Area 17-primary visual area
• Area 18,19-secondary visual association area
FUNCTIONAL REGIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
1) Primary motor area-frontal lobe; initiate skeletal movement
2) Motor speech area (BROCHI’S AREA)- speech articulation
3) Sensory area-interprets sensory information
Visual Sensory Area-occipital; seeing
Auditory Sensory Area-temporal; hearing
Cuttaneous Area-parietal; somatosensation
ASSOCIATED TERMS/ DISORDERS
Lobotomy-introduced by Moniz; procedure for cutting and removing part of the frontal lobe
• “gnosis”-to know
• “aphasia”- inability to understand or express the symbols connected with language that a person once knew
SENSORY APHASIA
1. Visual Aphasia-word-blindness, alexia; damage to Area 39; inability to read printed words
2. Auditory Aphasia-sound without meaning; damage in Area 22
3. Wernicke’s Aphasia-both visual and auditory aphasia; damage in Brocha’s area
MOTOR APHASIA
1. Verbal Aphasia-inability to talk even though vocal muscles are not paralyzed. Damage in Brocha’s area.
• apraxia-inability to carry out learned,voluntary acts though no paralysis is present
• agraphia-loss of writing ability
• agnosia-inability to recognize things
• finger agnosia- identifying fingers
• prosopagnosia-identifying faces
• anomia-loss of power to name objects and people;word finding, naming
You May Also Find These Documents Helpful
-
13. Corpus callosum- Located above the limbic system in the center of the brain, the corpus callosum attaches the two hemispheres of the brain.…
- 589 Words
- 3 Pages
Good Essays -
According to the National Aphasia Association, “Aphasia is an impairment of language, affecting the production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write.” The most frequent reason that brain injury, and thus aphasia, occurs is due to a stroke, head trauma, or brain tumors. Severity of damage can vary from inability to retrieve words, combine words, read, or multiple impairments of communication can be present. Over the past hundred years, different varieties of aphasia have been discovered. Global aphasia, Broca’s aphasia, mixed non-fluent aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia, Anomic aphasia, and other mixtures of these are found to plague the left hemisphere of the brain. Broca’s aphasia is also known as “non-fluent aphasia” because of the struggle it is to produce speech. In the form of aphasia that occurs in Broca’s area, utterances of less than four words are common because of the extreme decline of speech output. As well, people affected by Broca’s aphasia’s have tremendous difficulty forming sounds and retrieving vocabulary. These sufferers have no trouble understanding speech or reading; however, writing is a definite problem…
- 653 Words
- 3 Pages
Good Essays -
The findings from the split-brain studies meted out over the years by artificer, Gazzaniga, et al have seldom been controversial. the most body of criticism concerning this analysis has targeted instead on the method the concept of right- and leftbrain specialization has filtered all the way down to in style culture and also the media. emotional content (humor, pathos), picturing visual descriptions, keeping track of the story structure as a full, and appreciating inventive writing ten Chapter I Biology and Human Behavior vogue (such because the use of metaphors). whereas all this can be happening, your left brain is knowing the written words, etymologizing which means from the advanced relationships among words and sentences, and translating…
- 202 Words
- 1 Page
Good Essays -
A.accommodation B.the concentration of cones in the fovea C.chemical structure of the vitreous humor D.the prevalence of amacrine cells in the peripheral retina…
- 2321 Words
- 17 Pages
Satisfactory Essays -
Broca’s area: This area allows signals to be sent in order to allow there to be production of speech and language. The signals allow for the brain to form parts of speech into sentences. This involves the talking at the party which uses speech and language as eg. English. It also allows me to talk to my friends the whole evening. Another function of the broca’s area is the control of facial neurons. This means that when I greet my friends at the party the Broca’s area was involved in my facial expression towards my friends as well as my facial expressions though out the whole evening. The speech and facial expressions are managed in this region of the brain.…
- 534 Words
- 3 Pages
Good Essays -
the majority of fibers in the optic tract terminates in the ipsilateral lateral geniculate body (LGB) while some fibers continue beyond the LGB to terminate on cells in the superior colliculi and pretectal area. These latter terminations are important for visual reflexes.…
- 1372 Words
- 6 Pages
Good Essays -
The memory centers that dopamine effects are called the amygdala and hippocampus. The amygdala contains the amygdaloid nuclei, which plays an important role in the modulation of mood (Mervaala et al., 2000). The amygdala itself is an expanded region at the tail of the caudate nucleus and participates in the expression of emotions, control of behavioral activities, and development of moods (McKinley, 2006). The hippocampus is a nucleus located superior to the parahippocampal gyrus that connects to the diencephalon via a structure called the fornix. As its name implies, this nucleus is shaped like a seahorse. Both the hippocampus and the parahippocampal gyrus are essential in storing memories and forming long-term memory (McKinley, 2006). Both…
- 509 Words
- 3 Pages
Good Essays -
In which the function and the inaccessible location of the basal ganglia overlaps with the cerebrum. But the function includes motor control and some emotion (pg.441).…
- 909 Words
- 4 Pages
Good Essays -
We have many different levels of thinking. Some of the things that we do in our lives, such as breathing, walking, blinking, etc become almost instinctive and we really do not have to think much about them. Some things require more thought, such as deciding what to eat, or what to wear for a particular occasion. There are even higher levels of thinking and these include our critical thinking abilities. Many scholars have noted that critical thinking is more of a skill than a process and it mainly consists of evaluating arguments. It is a purposeful, self-regulatory judgment which results in interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and inference, as well as explanations of the evidential, conceptual, methodological, or contextual considerations upon which the judgment is based (Astleitner 2002). In general, "critical thinking" is a mental activity of evaluating arguments or propositions and making judgments that can guide the development of beliefs and taking action. It has also been found that experts from economy and education nominated critical thinking as the most important skill in knowledge management (Astleitner 2002).…
- 1048 Words
- 5 Pages
Powerful Essays -
Journalist John Markoff wrote the article “Computer Wins On ‘Jeopardy!’: Trivial, It’s Not”. He discusses how the super computer “Watson” defeated the all time champion of “Jeopardy!” Ken Jennings. The author, throughout the article, agrees that the supercomputer “Watson” was a fair match against Ken Jennings. I disagree with Markoff for multiple reasons. This was in no way a fair match because the computer had a remarkable ability to answer questions at super speeds. Also, the computer has access to all available questions and the ability to answer them. This was in no way a fair battle between the computer and Ken Jennings.…
- 623 Words
- 3 Pages
Good Essays -
According John Medina stated “Brain Rules are thoughts and concepts of Groundswell is a social trend in which uses all types of technologies for a person’s own needs without any assistance. Customers are engaged with a set of ways among different collections that are available while socialization in technology is growing.” Medina, J. (2011). It is very important an organization should consider the community create enough content to sustain itself. Students are able to use their own material for research. People participates they are able to keep and accomplish friendships. Also discovering new friends this will insight others on sharing the same experiences and interests.…
- 198 Words
- 1 Page
Satisfactory Essays -
The hippocampus is related to character judgments. An experiment was performed by Croft et al. (2010) to determine if people with hippocampal damage have difficulty judging character compared to people without brain damage. Two groups were tested: A control group in which no one had brain damage and a group in which people had hippocampal damage (anterograde amnesia). Participants were shown a picture of "Matt" on a certain background. Lets say the background was a forest. Then participants are asked to form a first impression of Matt. Next, they are asked to rate how morally good or bad they think Matt is. Typically, Matt will get good ratings because there is not a lot of information given about him. People may think he likes the environment…
- 288 Words
- 2 Pages
Satisfactory Essays -
protection of body parts. The next one is the Muscular System. It is composed of…
- 318 Words
- 2 Pages
Good Essays -
The brain is the most complex organ of the human body; scientists still have many unanswered questions about it. One question is are the mind and the brain the same entity or are they separate entities within a person’s head? It is undisputed that the actions of the mind are within the brain. But are the actions of the mind only neurological impulses sent between neurons within the brain or is the mind something more? There are two theories that will be focused upon concerning the mind/brain arguments, dualism and monism. The explanation of the functionality of the mind and brain, along with the theories of monism and dualism, will possibly help to find the answer to the question, is there a difference to mind and brain, or are they the same.…
- 3199 Words
- 13 Pages
Best Essays -
The brain is the most important organ, and any animal, even mosquitoes have them. However, have you thought any special ability of the brain, or have you imagined about your personality, emotion or memory in the situation which you lost a part of brain? In fact, there are lots of great abilities such as memory in the brain without our notice. Although, all the brain’s tasks are not clear completely, a lot of scientists have researched it and found its several miraculous functions (Newhouse 2007). The brain consists of many parts; particularly, this paper describes four parts of the brain which relate to memories or emotions. People who lost those four parts or a part of those would get effects on their memories or emotions. In fact, we can see the after effects from the actual person called Henry M., whose four parts were removed. We can also realize his unexpected ability after losing his four brain parts.…
- 2215 Words
- 9 Pages
Better Essays