Intercultural Communication
ESSAY OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
SEX GENDER AND BIOLOGY
ARE BEHAVIOUR DIFFERENCES BIOLOGICALLY BASED?
Many people think that there are inbuilt differences of behavior between women and men which appears in all cultures, for instance, in almost all cultures men rather than women go hunting and warfare and it shows that biologically men tend to be more aggressive than women. The level of aggressiveness of males varies vast between different cultures. Women are supposed to be more passive or gentle in some cultures than in others. In many cultures women spend big part of their lives bearing and nursing children.
THE EVIDENCE FROM ANIMALS
One source of information says that there are differences in hormonal make-up between sexes. Some people have claimed that the male sex hormone, testosterone, is related with the male propensity to violence ( Rutter and Giller, 1983). A research has shown that if male monkeys are castrated at birth they become less aggressive and that female monkeys given testosterone will be more aggressive than normal females, however, it has also been found that aggressive behavior may affect the production of the hormone, rather than the hormone causing aggressiveness.
GENDER SOCIALIZATION
REACTIONS OF PARENTS AND ADULTS
Some studies have demonstrated how gender differences develop. Studies of mother-infants interaction show the differences in treatments of boy and girls even though when parents think that their reactions to both are similar. In one experiment, five young mothers were observed in interaction with a six-month-old called Berth. They smiled at her often and offered her dolls to play with. She was seemed as a “sweet” baby, on the other hand, the reaction of second group of mothers to a child of the same age, named Adam, was very different because the baby was offered a train or other “ male toys” to play with. Berth and Adams were the same child dressed with different clothes.
TELEVISION
Studies of most frequently
SEX GENDER AND BIOLOGY
ARE BEHAVIOUR DIFFERENCES BIOLOGICALLY BASED?
Many people think that there are inbuilt differences of behavior between women and men which appears in all cultures, for instance, in almost all cultures men rather than women go hunting and warfare and it shows that biologically men tend to be more aggressive than women. The level of aggressiveness of males varies vast between different cultures. Women are supposed to be more passive or gentle in some cultures than in others. In many cultures women spend big part of their lives bearing and nursing children.
THE EVIDENCE FROM ANIMALS
One source of information says that there are differences in hormonal make-up between sexes. Some people have claimed that the male sex hormone, testosterone, is related with the male propensity to violence ( Rutter and Giller, 1983). A research has shown that if male monkeys are castrated at birth they become less aggressive and that female monkeys given testosterone will be more aggressive than normal females, however, it has also been found that aggressive behavior may affect the production of the hormone, rather than the hormone causing aggressiveness.
GENDER SOCIALIZATION
REACTIONS OF PARENTS AND ADULTS
Some studies have demonstrated how gender differences develop. Studies of mother-infants interaction show the differences in treatments of boy and girls even though when parents think that their reactions to both are similar. In one experiment, five young mothers were observed in interaction with a six-month-old called Berth. They smiled at her often and offered her dolls to play with. She was seemed as a “sweet” baby, on the other hand, the reaction of second group of mothers to a child of the same age, named Adam, was very different because the baby was offered a train or other “ male toys” to play with. Berth and Adams were the same child dressed with different clothes.
TELEVISION
Studies of most frequently
Bibliography: Peters, john “Gender socialization of adolescents in the home: research and discussion”, winter, 1994 (web) http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2248/is_n116_v29/ai_16477249/ Martin, Courtney “The End of the Women 's Movement” march, 29, 2009 http://prospect.org/article/end-womens-movement Horley, Sandra “ Domestic violence: the issue explained” march, 12, 2001 http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2001/mar/12/6 Carlson, Howard, “ quality life work model” 26, June, 2010 (web) <http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/practices/harassment.cfm> Heathfield, Susan “Sexual Harassment and Sexual Harassment in the Workplace” 17, June, 2012 (web) http://humanresources.about.com/od/glossarys/a/sexualharassdef.htm