We considered hardware and software cost, management and staff salaries, other expenses, development cost, communication cost, annual cost of end user activity, and cost of downtime. The hardware and software direct costs included expenses, annual computer supplies, minus the annual depreciation on hardware and software capital purchases. This amounted to a total of $761,325. Management and staff salaries plus 30% of overhead that accounted for salary increases was also taken into consideration, which amounted to $1,122,177. Other expenses included traveling costs, consulting and professional service fees related to infrastructure, training costs for infrastructure personnel, maintenance contracts, and outsourcing costs which totaled to $227,500. Development costs, which consisted of the design, development, testing, documentation, maintenance for existing applications, and consulting and professional services, added up to $287,500. Communication costs included leased lines, remote access communications, and annual WAN costs and equaled to $434,000. After adding all of these costs, total direct costs came out to $2,832,502. Indirect costs included end user activity and downtime. Total indirect costs amounted to $1,725,394. By dividing the total annual infrastructure costs by the total number of personal computers, we concluded that the total cost of ownership per PC is…
The increase in the need for innovative technology has increased the cost of research, which has resulted in an increase in the cost of computing.…
Software Engineering has contributed to many areas of technology. The job itself utilizes many problem solving skills such as analyzing and communicating your current project. Usually multiple teams of software engineers will be working together on a singular project, yet each team has its own specific function.…
One of the most important lessons about economic costs is that sunk costs are sunk. That means they are in the past and the best thing to do is to just forget about them and not let them affect future decision-making. So as an example of this, in 1988, Apple Computer bought memory chips, speculating that the price of memory was going to rise, and they hoarded a lot of memory chips to use in their future productions. They bought these chips at US$38. It turned out that instead of rising, the price of memory actually fell and very soon after they bought the chips at US$38, it turned out they could have bought them in the open market for US$23. This is a mistake made by Apple; however, companies make mistakes all the time. It is a sunk cost. Nonetheless, Apple, apparently confused by their own accounting, said, "You know, we need to recoup the cost of these chips in our sales of computers”. They marked up the computers or the price of memory in their computers to account for the high price that they paid for the chips. Consumers saw right through this and said, "Well, we can get these chips in the open market for US$23, why should we pay US$38 for them?" Consumers who bought the Apple systems, bought stripped-down versions and then just added their own memory afterwards.…
The value of a model depends on the view taken, but none is best for all purposes. (L4)…
Errors occurred at the later stages of the project are very expensive in terms of both time and cost because every project goes through software development life cycle, and any changes made in the later stages would result in re-consideration for all the previous stages and this would cause lot of delay in project and even cost of the project increases…
Your first task is to describe each software development methodology clearly and completely in your own words. You may use diagrams, examples or UML to help you do this.…
A city council developed a replacement payroll system believed that users had comprehensive knowledge of all the business requirements. But the current staff or IT team had participated in building the old system - they had no knowledge of how it was built. That leads to many errors and it cause project failure.…
* M&S recognize many software development costs as intangible assets. In fact they recognize all costs related to software costs. This includes direct cost of material and services, payroll related costs for employees who are directly associated with the project. This may help M&S overstate its profits because normally only the direct costs associated with the software are recognized as an asset. The payroll costs for employees should not be considered to be an asset but as direct costs and should immediately reduce profits of M&S. Because this isn’t done, profits can be overstated. This is reflected by the large increase in computer software under development which was 5.6 million in 2005/2004 and was 178.8 million in 2009/2008. This is a stunning increase of 3192%. Besides there isn’t any amortization of the computer under software development and is only subjected to impairment.…
This paper discusses the state of the software industry, claiming that there are many theories regarding lack of software productivity. The paper examines Brooks' ideas as they appeared in his "Computer Magazine" article, "No Silver Bullet", as well as the opinions of Cox and others. The paper contends that these theories and others, all help to shed light on barriers to software productivity.…
Moving from High School to college is often a rollercoaster on the mind of most students. After the appliance and acceptance process, we then encounter a bigger question: What will our major be? As a computer and technology lover, I had a hard time understanding and choosing between computer science and computer engineering; even though I already knew that I wanted to study computers. People often think that studying computer science is the same as studying computer engineering, but these two important fields of computing are significantly different. I decided to start doing some research on the main differences between both and ended up realizing that I was not the only one on this dark road. Surprisingly, many other students had the same questions I had (some of them worse), so that made me feel better. I ended up choosing computer engineering with the hopes of maybe minoring in Computer Science or Software. One other reason is the fact that my sister is already a computer science undergraduate, and we don 't really want two Sebastiaos on the same field. The goal is to take over the world in the different areas! But what is the difference between both? If in fact, there is any.…
Software is a mature industry with considerable cost pressures. It costs an incredible amount of money to develop, deliver, market, sell and support a software product.…
No, I want to rail on about the extreme cost of enterprise software -- the software that runs the computing infrastructure of medium to large businesses. It is not uncommon for companies to spend multiple millions of dollars on licenses and support contracts for enterprise software packages. This comprises not only operating systems, but database systems, business intelligence and analytics, transaction processing systems, web servers, portals, system management and DBA tools, and so on.…
Software metrics are meant to be measures in the scientific sense of the term, with…
Does the argument in the paper still apply today? If yes, how? Have you encountered any problems discussed in the paper in your past projects? If yes, give some examples?…