Investigation of Chronotopes in Dickens’ “Hard Times” (Realist Novel) and Marquez’s “One Hundred Years of Solitude” (Magical Realist Novel)
Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich Bakhtin in his essay, “Forms of Time and Chronotope in the Novel” states “A literary work’s artistic unity in relationship to an actual reality is defined by its Chronotope”
In a chronotope, Bakhtin claims, “spatial and temporal marks are fused into a meaningful and concrete whole. Time here thickens, grows denser, becomes artistically visible; likewise, space becomes more intense and drawn into the movement of time, plot, history" A chronotope is therefore, a method of "artistically assimilating time and space in the novel, and thus for assuring its unity." He further adds “these chronotopes are mutually inclusive, they co-exist, and they may be interwoven with, replace, or oppose one another, contradict one another or find themselves in ever more complex interrelationships.... The general characteristic of these interactions is that they are dialogical (in the broadest sense of the word).”
Nataliya Panasenko in “Interrelations between Literary Time and Space in Prosaic Texts” quotes that “Time and space belong to basic categories of philosophy, aesthetics, psychology, linguistics, art. Literary time is displayed in a specific way in accordance with literary trend, genre, individual author's style, type of a text. There is a strong connection between temporal structures, literary time and plot development in literary texts of different types” Panasenko claims that Bakhtin through the term “chronotope” explains “the formal-substantial category of literature and in it takes place confluence of spatial and temporal features into an intelligent and definite whole”
Bakhtin relates the idea of the chronotope to Einsteinian time / space. Gary Saul Morson and Caryl Emerson in the book “Mikhail Bakhtin: Creation of a Prosaics” explain that Bakhtin understands Einstein’s theory as simultaneous existence of various versions of time and space. Developing further on this idea; David Coulter in his essay “The Epic and the Novel: Dialogism and Teacher
In a chronotope, Bakhtin claims, “spatial and temporal marks are fused into a meaningful and concrete whole. Time here thickens, grows denser, becomes artistically visible; likewise, space becomes more intense and drawn into the movement of time, plot, history" A chronotope is therefore, a method of "artistically assimilating time and space in the novel, and thus for assuring its unity." He further adds “these chronotopes are mutually inclusive, they co-exist, and they may be interwoven with, replace, or oppose one another, contradict one another or find themselves in ever more complex interrelationships.... The general characteristic of these interactions is that they are dialogical (in the broadest sense of the word).”
Nataliya Panasenko in “Interrelations between Literary Time and Space in Prosaic Texts” quotes that “Time and space belong to basic categories of philosophy, aesthetics, psychology, linguistics, art. Literary time is displayed in a specific way in accordance with literary trend, genre, individual author's style, type of a text. There is a strong connection between temporal structures, literary time and plot development in literary texts of different types” Panasenko claims that Bakhtin through the term “chronotope” explains “the formal-substantial category of literature and in it takes place confluence of spatial and temporal features into an intelligent and definite whole”
Bakhtin relates the idea of the chronotope to Einsteinian time / space. Gary Saul Morson and Caryl Emerson in the book “Mikhail Bakhtin: Creation of a Prosaics” explain that Bakhtin understands Einstein’s theory as simultaneous existence of various versions of time and space. Developing further on this idea; David Coulter in his essay “The Epic and the Novel: Dialogism and Teacher