Invisible Man
Mona Baker’s equivalence typology 1. Equivalence at word level- the meaning of single words and expressions; 2. Equivalence above word level- explores combinations of words and phrases (stretches of language); 3. Grammatical equivalence- deals with grammatical categories; 4. Textual equivalence- discusses the text level (word order, cohesion, etc.); 5. Pragmatic equivalence- how texts are used in communicative situations that involves variables such as writers, readers, and cultural context.
Equivalence at word level
Definition of a word:
Brief remark, speech sound or a series of speech sounds that communicates a meaning, written representation of a word.
The smallest unit which we would to expect to possess individual meaning is the word.
Defined loosely, the word is the smallest unit of language that can be used by it. (Bollinger and sears1968:43)
A word is a morpheme or series of morphemes possessing internal cohesion and positional mobility.
When we say a word has internal cohesion, we simply mean that it cannot be interrupted, or that other elements of linguistics cannot be interpolated within it.
The property of positional mobility distinguishes the word from the next level of meaning below it, the morpheme. Thus, a word is mobile in that it is capable of being distributed in several positions in a sentence, as in: ‘the man bit the dog’; ‘the dog bit the man’; ‘the man gave the dog a bone’, etc. These examples show that in languages where word-order reflects grammatical function, as is the case in English and French, a word can occupy different positions in a sentence in a way that reflects its grammatical role: thus, ‘dog’ is the grammatical object in our first example, subject in the second, and indirect object in the third. The lowest meaningful linguistic unit, the morpheme, is not always mobile in this way.
We need at this point to distinguish between the various types of morpheme. The basic
Equivalence at word level
Definition of a word:
Brief remark, speech sound or a series of speech sounds that communicates a meaning, written representation of a word.
The smallest unit which we would to expect to possess individual meaning is the word.
Defined loosely, the word is the smallest unit of language that can be used by it. (Bollinger and sears1968:43)
A word is a morpheme or series of morphemes possessing internal cohesion and positional mobility.
When we say a word has internal cohesion, we simply mean that it cannot be interrupted, or that other elements of linguistics cannot be interpolated within it.
The property of positional mobility distinguishes the word from the next level of meaning below it, the morpheme. Thus, a word is mobile in that it is capable of being distributed in several positions in a sentence, as in: ‘the man bit the dog’; ‘the dog bit the man’; ‘the man gave the dog a bone’, etc. These examples show that in languages where word-order reflects grammatical function, as is the case in English and French, a word can occupy different positions in a sentence in a way that reflects its grammatical role: thus, ‘dog’ is the grammatical object in our first example, subject in the second, and indirect object in the third. The lowest meaningful linguistic unit, the morpheme, is not always mobile in this way.
We need at this point to distinguish between the various types of morpheme. The basic