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CGCAnthropology Test Review

Anthropology: The physical and cultural study of people. Derived from the Greek word anthropos. Linguistics and archaeology are also fields associated with anthropology.

Three Main Fields of Study

Cultural Anthropology: Examining and comparing the cultures of living people

* Margaret Mead (1901-1978) * Began her career studying the cultures of the pacific islands * Earliest investigations took place in the islands of Samoa * Specifically compared the adolescent experience in Samoa and America * Believed that our personalities are largely influenced by the society in which we live * Focused on gender roles * Considered the most important cultural anthropologist * Accused of sloppy methods * Popularized the study of anthropology, and is one of the pioneers of anthropology

* Ruth Benedict (1887 – 1948) * Pioneering American cultural anthropologist * Studied the role of religion in developing and shaping human personality * Hired by the government to study Japanese culture during the Second World War * Brought respect to the field of anthropology

Social Anthropology: focusing on the social organization of living peoples

* Bronislaw Malinowski (1884 – 1942) * Polish-born social anthropologist who moved to England * Regarded as the founder of his branch, comparing social organization * Formed the functional theory * All social institutions are designed and modified to serve the needs of most of the population * Rejected cultural evolutionism * All societies and cultures develop in a regular series if predictable stages * Built on the work by Charles Darwin * Malinowski believed it to be racist and ethnocentric

Physical Anthropology: examines the evolution of humankind over the last few million years, and compares the genetic characteristics of humans with other biologically similar animals, such as apes, gorillas, and chimpanzees

* Raymond Dart (1893-1988) * Australian physical anthropologist * Found a skull of an Australopithecus in 1924 in Africa * Located and examined fossils and other remains to learn about the evolutionary development of humans * The Leakey Family * Louis Leaky (1903-1972) Mary Leakey (1913 – 1996) * Studied at Cambridge * Discovered remains of Australopithecus and Homo Habilis. * Experimented with Stone Age tools * Proved that humans had their origins in Africa * Recruited Jane Goodall, Birute Galdikas, and Dian Fossey * Their son Richard has continued their work after their deaths.

* Jane Goodall (Born 1934) * Is internationally celebrated for her work with the Leaky’s in Tanzania * Spent 20 years observing and recording the lives of chimpanzees from a distance until she earned their trust * Discovered the highly developed social structure of the chimpanzee community including the alpha male and the supreme male * Research has given social scientists valuable insight into how the human kingdom might have looked like millions of years ago

* Biruté Galdikas (Born 1945) * Studied anthropology at UBC * Studied orangutans, who share 98 percent of its genetic material with humans * Worked in Borneo, Indonesia * Was the foster parent of a male orangutan baby * Observations are similar to those of Jane Goodall’s * Orangutans live in highly structured social communities

* Dian Fossey (1938 – 1985) * American anthropologist who was famous for her studies of Rwanda’s mountain gorilla community * Imitated the habits of gorillas to gain acceptance into their society * Believed gorillas shared much in common with our earliest ancestors * Gorillas were threatened by poachers, which angered Fossey * Murdered most likely by poachers, whose profits were affected by her study

Psychology Test Review
Psychology: The study of the mind and the behaviors that result from what goes on inside the mind

Mind: The contents and processes of subjective experience: sensations, thoughts, and emotions

Behavior: Observable actions such as moving, talking, gesturing, and so on; Behaviors can also refer to the activities of cells, so measured through physiological recording devices, and to thoughts and feelings, ad measured through oral and written expression

Three Main Fields of Study

Psychoanalysis: Analyzing our inner thoughts and feelings and unlocking the unconscious mind

* Used as the means of treating depression and personality disorders * Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) * Believed that the brain was comprised of 2 parts: the unconscious and the conscious * He also had the idea of the id, ego, and super ego * Id: Primitive, pleasure seeking * Ego: Morals, internalized norms * Super Ego: Acts as a referee

* Alfred Adler (1870 – 1937)

* Carl Jung (1875 – 1961) * Worked with Freud originally * Developed his own theories including the collective unconscious

Behavioral Psychology: Conduction experiments and getting data to understand observable behavior and phenomenon

* Experiments are often done on animals * Behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed * Famous Psychologists * Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936) * Believed all behavior is learned * Classical Conditioning * Conducted the dog experiment with bells 1. A formerly neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus ex. bell) is paired with another stimulus (unconditioned stimulus ex. food) 2. The unconditioned stimulus produces a unconditioned response (salivation) 3. After repeated pairing, the neutral stimulus (bell) will elicit a response that is the unconditioned response (ex. the bell will produce a response of salivation)

* B.F Skinner * Uses type of learning that involves rewards and punishments * Effects of the environment on a subject * Believed behavior is influenced by consequences * Believed in behavior changes in response to reinforcement * Continuous: Response is followed rapidly by reinforcement which leads to fast acquisition of responses, but response is easily extinguished * Partial: Response is followed by reinforcement only some of the time; Acquisition is fast but learned response is more resistant to extinction * Fixed Ration: The number of responses required for reinforcement is fixed. The person will stop if the reward stops * Variable Ratio: The number of responses requires for reinforcement varies. The person will continue even if the reward stops * Fixed Interval: Reinforcement is delivered for the first response after a fixed interval of time. The person wont do the action until the reward * Variable Interval: Reinforcement is delivered at a varied interval of time

Cognitive Psychology: Examines the mental process in the brain to determine how we think, learn, perceive, and remember.

* Albert Bandura * Bobo doll experiment * Studied television’s effect on learning

Freudian Defense Mechanism

* The ego uses a defense mechanism to protect itself against the overwhelming anxiety of trying to meet the demands of the id * The ego unconsciously changes the id’s raw instinctual impulses to more socially acceptable forms that govern acceptable behavior * Repression: The purpose of repression operates in a person who is not able to recall a frightening situation or may completely forget that an abusive person ever was a part of their life. * Denial: Characterized by having a conscious awareness at some level, but simply denies the reality of the experience by pretending its not there * Rationalization: Involves making excuses to defend the behavior, or defend how you might feel about it * Projection: Taking your own unacceptable impulses and attributing them onto someone else. The impulses are still judged unacceptable but they belong to someone else, not you. At that point you are free to criticize that person for having such terrible impulses. Final result is that you no longer feel threatened and you maintain your self esteem by ignoring an objectionable aspect of yourself * Reaction Formation: Not even acknowledging unwanted impulses and convincing yourself you are not one of ‘them’ who engages in those patterns. * Intellectualization: Turns the problem into a thought issue instead of an emotional one. The thoughts become prominent, but the emotions are buried under the research * Regression: A movement back in developmental time to when a person felt safe and secure * Displacement: To reassign aggression to a scapegoat to relieve tension * Sublimation: Driving force behind human aggression.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM – IV)

* Book deals with standardizing disorders * First book said homosexuality was a disorder * Current book had 297 disorders * Axis 1: Clinical Syndromes * Describes Clinical symptoms that cause significant impairment * Most familiar * Depression, schizophrenic episodes, panic * Acute symptoms that need treatment * Axis 2: Personality and Mental Retardation * Lifelong (starting from childhood) * Intellectual/Personality * Self Care and Interpersonal Impacts * Axis 3: Medical Condition * Include physical and medical conditions that may influence or worsen Axis 1 & 2 * Includes HIV?AIDS and brain injuries * Neurological disorders * Axis 4: Psychosocial/ Environmental * Any social or environmental problem that impacts Axis 1&2 * Causing Stress * A loss, divorce, death, unemployment * Axis 5: Global Assessment * Allows clinician to rate the clients overall level of function. * Day to day * 1 – 100. * 100=perfect, 0=not functioning

Nature Vs. Nurture

* Nature: Genetic Argument * Intelligence is genetic * Twin studies try to isolate nature or nurture * IQ of twins is similar (environmental impact) * IQ based on genetics * Similarities show nature has a big role

* Nurture: The Environment Argument * Socioeconomic effects on IQ * Environment affects personalities and IQ

The Stigma of Mental Illness

* 1/5 in Ontario experience mental illness and can be rejected to having adequate housing, loans, health insurance, or jobs due to mental illness
Dependent & Independent Variables

* Independent Variable * Influences change in the dependent variable * The variable that is varied or manipulated by the research * Presumed Cause: Antecedent

* Dependent Variable * Response that is measured * Presumed cause: Consequences

Mood Disorders: Prolonged and disabling disruptions in motional state. Two types: * Depressive (Depression) * Depression: grappling with feelings of severe despair over an extended period of time * More likely in women * Recurrent Depression: Occurs more than once in an individual’s life * Dysthymic Disorder: Symptoms are milder but chronic * Bipolar (Mood Swings) * Bipolar: Mood swings between depressed and euphoric episodes * 19% of people untreated commit suicide

* Obsessive Compulsive Disorder * Manifests through persistent uncontrollable thoughts and obsessions. The persistent need to preform tasks, sometimes repeatedly * Compulsions related to obsessions

* General Anxiety Disorder * Excessive and chronic worrying * Lasts at least 6 months * Worrying about many different things * Little things and life in general * Unrealistic events * Attached to physical symptoms * Can’t sleep * Easily irritated

* Post Traumatic Stress Disorder * First discovered in WW1 as ‘Shell Shock’ * Symptoms: * Anxiety * Nightmares * Flashbacks * Triggered by any traumatic event * 6 – 7 % of Canadians deal with PTSD

* Substance Abuse * Need for a drug that isn’t necessary, inability to stop using a substance * Many different substances * Symptoms: Paranoid, high blood pressure, difficulty seeing, anxiety, aggression * Starts from teen years to mid life * Caused by abuse, stress, eating disorders * Rehab is one form of treatment

* Borderline Personality Disorder * Affects how you relate to others and self * Makes it hard to form relationships due to emotional imbalances * Starts from adolescence to thirties * Women more likely to develop it * Symptoms: emotional explosions, boredom, sarcasm, unstable mood * Caused by environment, relationships, etc.

* Autism * Affects the way the brain processes and uses information * Present from birth * Affects areas of social interaction * Different degrees of severity * Happens in 1/150 births * No single cause of Autism * Affects social classes, relationships, etc.

* Phobias * Persistent fear of an action or object * Symptoms: Anxiety, panic, loss of concentration, dizziness, heavy breathing, etc. * Caused by genetics, life experiences, or cultural factors * Starts from ages 2 – 7 * 1 in 10 people suffer with a phobia * Treated by self help and exposure to the fear