J. M. Winter's Impact On The 20 Century

American historian J.M. Winter focuses his research on WWI and its impact on the 20

century. Winter holds the title of Charles J. Stille Professor of History at Yale University and is a

specialist on World War I and the 20

regarding wars and the challenges countries face when at war. His works examines memorial

sites, European population decline, the causes and institutions of war, British popular culture in the

era of the Great War and the Ottoman Empire Armenian genocide of 1915 in Turkey.

World War I is arguably the most devastating war in economical, political, social, and

geographical aspects. World War I caused 9 million deaths and ranked a hefty cost of $337 billion

in expenses, and began the introduction of metal and underwater
Politically, World War I led to numerous revolutions, such as the Bolshevik Revolution,

in European countries. The Germans retaliated negatively towards invasion by killing and injuring

an estimated total of 520,000 British soldiers. Submarines and other water artillery escalated the

severity of the war due to the failure of invasion. The Battle of Gallipoli lead to catastrophic

casualties due to lack of technology, knowledge of terrain, and ill­preparation. The war led to the

downfall of the Russian monarchy in 1917, the Austrian­Hungarian and Germany in 1918, and

Turkey in 1922. In contrast to the downfall of the government, the Armenian genocide took place

in Turkey, killing 1.5 million Ottoman Armenians. A worldwide famine and influenza epidemic

would later contribute to these casualties as a result of economical and geographical damage to the

European countries.

The Great War too caused economical damage to all countries involved. With a

devastating $337 billion deficit in direct and indirect funds, all countries battled with inflation and

industrialization as a result of the war destruction. The crash of Wall Street later occurred