Jewish History Quiz
1. The span of Jewish history from 515 BCE to 70 CE is referred to a the Second Temple period.
2. Which Seleucid (Greek) ruler initiated a reign of terror designed to exterminate the Jewish religion?
Antiochus Epiphanes
3. Which person brought Palestine under Greek control, inaugurating the Hellenistic period?
Alexander the Great
4. Which group led a successful Jewish rebellion to gain freedom from foreign rule?
Maccabees
5. Which ruling family ruled an independent Jewish state until civil wars made them ripe for conquest by the Romans?
Hasmoneans
6. Which of the following is not characteristic of the Pharisees? practiced celibacy
7. Which of the following is not characteristic of the Sadducees? radically anti-Roman
8. Which of the following …show more content…
is not characteristic of the Essenes? associated with the Jerusalem temple
9. What Jewish group was radically anti-Roman and advocated armed rebellion against Roman forces?
Zealots
10. Which of the following is not characteristic of the Samaritans? supported the family and dynasty of Herod
11. Which Gentiles embraced Jewish theology, worship, and morality but did not fully convert to Judaism by being circumcised and following the Jewish dietary laws?
God-fearers
12. Which person, who was appointed by the Romans, ruled over Palestine from 37 BCE to 4 BCE and was known for his building projects as well as his paranoia of those wanting to usurp his throne?
Herod the Great
13. Which tetrarch, and son of Herod the Great, was appointed by the Romans and ruled the region of Galilee the entire time of Jesus’ life and ministry?
Herod Antipas
14. Which Roman governor ruled Judea from 26 to 36 CE and was responsible for the crucifixion of Jesus?
Pontius Pilate
15. What term refers to Jews living outside the traditional homeland of Palestine who were influenced by Hellenism?
Diaspora
16. The Greek translation of the Jewish Bible is referred to as the
Septuagint.
17. What religious perspective combines a radical dualistic outlook (clear distinction between good and evil) with a deterministic view of history (the idea that everything is proceeding according to a divine plan)? apocalypticism 18. Which religious movement promoted secret knowledge that will allow the soul to be set free from the bodily prison in this material world?
Gnosticism
19. Which philosophical school emphasized free will, questioned fate, and encouraged the attainment of true pleasure through the avoidance of anxiety and moderation in all things?
Epicureanism
20. Which philosophical school emphasized the attainment of virtue through acceptance of fate, based on the notion that all things are predetermined and that there is logic to all that transpires in the universe?
Stoicism
21. Which philosophical school emphasized radical authenticity, repudiation of shame, simplicity of lifestyle, and a desire to possess only what is obtained naturally and freely?
Cynicism
22. Which terms are used most often to describe the dynamics of the patron-client relationship: the patron’s bestowal of benefits and the client’s expected attitude of loyalty to the patron? grace and faith
23. What social value refers to the status that one has in the eyes of others whom one considers to be significant, including factors such as age, gender, nationality, and economic class? honor 24. What term refers to a list of books that are officially accepted as scripture? canon 25. What two developments in early Christianity made the canon an issue for Christians?
(1) some Christians were excluding certain writings and (2) some Christians were producing new writings and attributing them to apostles
26. Regarding the New Testament canon, most scholars would accept which two conclusions? (1) all New Testament writings are compatible with “apostolic Christianity” and (2) the New Testament writings present a variety of viewpoints | |
27. Text criticism is a scholarly discipline that analyzes and compares New Testament manuscripts in order to reconstruct what the original manuscripts probably said.
28. Which of the following would not be a subject of study in sociological criticism? variant readings of New Testament manuscripts
29.
Which of the following would not be a subject of study in narrative criticism? literary sources
30. Which of the following terms is not associated with form criticism?
: polyvalence
31. Redaction criticism tries to determine the particular intentions of New Testament authors by analyzing how they organized and edited their sources
32. Which of the following is not associated with rhetorical criticism? reader’s social location
33. What scholarly discipline is interested in the capacity of the New Testament texts to mean different things to different people (“polyvalence”) and how New Testament texts have been read throughout history? reader-response criticism
34. Which of the following is not an approach included in ideological criticism? sociological criticism
35. What term is associated with postmodern philosophy and seeks to demonstrate the subjective nature of all interpretation and so holds all interpretations equally valid? deconstruction 36. What term refers to the scholarly study of the Bible with an emphasis on the explication of texts using various academic approaches? exegesis 37. What term refers to the philosophical reflection on the process of interpretation?
hermeneutics
38. What designation is used by scholars to denote the earthly, historical figure of Jesus? the pre-Easter Jesus
39. What term describes the facet of Jesus’ ministry in which he preaches on the road, taking his message to different groups as he and his disciples move from place to place? itinerant 40. The most prominent topic addressed by Jesus in his preaching and teaching is the kingdom of God.
41. Which of the following is not an implication of Jesus’ preaching of the kingdom of God, that is, God’s presence and power? an insistence on strict purity, separating oneself from sinners
42. Which of the following is not a regular part of Jesus’ ministry? offering sacrifices
43. Jesus’ ministry brought him into conflict with the religious leaders of Israel in matters of all of the above
44. The Gospels present the death of Jesus as a result of the collaboration of high-ranking Jewish leaders and an unjust Pontius Pilate.
45. Which of the following is not an aspect or quality of “historical Jesus” studies?
The exalted figure of Jesus in the New Testament helps “historical Jesus” scholars fill out their historical reconstructions.
46. The literary genre that best describes the Gospels is ancient biography.
47. Which of the following is not characteristic of the Gospels?
The authors of the Gospels were detached from their subject matter and attempted to offer objective and balanced perspectives of Jesus.
48. In the Gospels, possession by an evil spirit (demon) causes people to experience some sort of physical distress or disability.
49. Which of the following is characteristic of parables? all of the above
50. Which of the following is not true of miracles in the Gospels?
The most common response to miracles in the New Testament is disbelief.
51. Passion narratives are accounts of Jesus’ arrest, trial, and crucifixion.
52. The Synoptic Gospels are
Matthew, Mark, and Luke.
53. Which of the following is not true of “Q”? a source discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls
54. Which Gospel do most scholars think was the first to be written?
Mark
55. In the second century, a prominent Christian named Tatian produced the Diatessaron, which was a synthesis of the four Gospels, creating one extended narrative of Jesus’ life. |
57. From reading the Gospel of Matthew, what can be surmised about its author? | He is a Jewish Christian, perhaps even a converted rabbi or synagogue leader, writing a generation or more after the time of Jesus. |
|
58. As an example of Matthew’s affinity for structure and fondness of numbers, he cites twelve-----------, perhaps playing on the number of tribes of Israel.fulfillments of Old Testament prophecy |
|
59. Geographically, Matthew’s Gospel is often thought to have originated in the city of | |
|
Antioch.
60. Among the four Gospels, Matthew shows the greatest interest in the role of |
Peter.
|
61. Among the four Gospels, only Matthew presents Jesus as speaking about | the church. |
62. Which of the following is not a distinctive of Matthew’s Gospel when compared to the Gospel of Mark? Matthew intensifies Mark’s negative portrayal of the disciples by doubling those scenes that show the disciples misunderstanding Jesus’ teachings. |
|
63. According to Matthew, in what way is God’s abiding presence a reality on earth? | all of the above |
64. Matthew emphasizes the role of Jesus as teacher by presenting the teachings of Jesus in _________ large blocks of material. five |
|
65. For Matthew, the key to interpreting the Jewish scripture (Old Testament) lies in the recognition that | it is fulfilled in the life and teachings of Jesus. |
66. The phrase “binding and loosing” in Matthew’s Gospel most likely refers to Jesus’ (and so the church’s) authority tointerpret and apply the law. |
|
67. Which of the following are unique to Matthew’s Gospel? | all of the above |
68. In Matthew’s Gospel, Jesus regards the Jewish leaders as | evil persons closely identified with Satan..
69. Which of the following is found in Mark’s Gospel? the empty tomb
70. Which of the following is not a conclusion by scholars regarding the background of Mark’s Gospel? written in Palestine
71.Which word occurs 42 times in Mark’s Gospel—eleven times in the first chapter—and is characteristic of its narrative style?
. immediately
72. Mark’s technique of sandwiching one story into the middle of another is called intercalation. 73. Mark ends his Gospel with the women being afraid and telling no one the angel’s message.
74. According to Mark, Jesus speaks in parables so that only insiders will understand him.
75. Many scholars argue that the secrecy motif in Mark’s Gospel functions to highlight this event in rightly understanding the identity and mission of Jesus. the cross
76. Mark’s Gospel is often said to be dominated by the passion narrative.
77. Which of the following is not part of Mark’s portrayal of the disciples?
The disciples faithfully proclaim the gospel.
78. Tradition has identified Luke, the author of the third Gospel, as a physician, but what other occupation has been associated with this Gospel writer? painter (artist)
79. Luke’s Gospel is addressed to a certain Theophilus, who is most likely a wealthy patron responsible for commissioning Luke’s literary project.
80. The author of the Gospel of Luke also wrote what other New Testament book?
Acts
81. Which of the following can be surmised about the author of the Gospel of Luke?
He was well educated, knowledgeable in both classical literature and the Jewish scriptures.
82. Which three words would Luke probably omit from Mark 10:14 (“When Jesus saw this, he was indignant and said to them, ‘Let the little children come to me; do not stop them; for it is to such as these that the kingdom of God belongs’”)?
“he was indignant”
83. Luke’s birth narrative is unique in its use of hymns. 84. What does Jesus do more often in Luke than in any other Gospel? pray 85. What motif is prominent in Luke’s Gospel and probably functions to establish connections between the stories in the Gospel and the Christian gatherings in Luke’s own time? food/meals 86. Luke portrays Jesus as one who all of the above
87. For Luke, the salvation that Jesus makes available is a reality to be experienced here and now.
88. Luke’s Gospel shows special concern for all of the above
89. Which of the following is not a theme developed further in Acts? imminent expectation of the parousia
90. Since the times of early Christianity, John’s Gospel has been described as
“the spiritual Gospel.”
91. John is the only one of the four Gospels in which Jesus is called the Word.
92. Which of the following do we find in John’s Gospel?
Jesus washing the disciples’ feet
93. Which story does not appear in John’s Gospel? all of the above
93. From the perspective of modern scholars, which of the following best describes the composition of the Gospel of John?
The testimony of one of Jesus’ original disciples; it was written, preserved, and edited by leaders of the community founded by that disciple.
95. In John’s Gospel, Jesus often describes himself by using metaphors. 96. In John’s Gospel, Jesus’ death is presented as his glorification.
97. Which of the following is not an aspect of salvation in John’s Gospel? being rescued from God’s wrath
98. In John’s Gospel, the word “Paraclete” is a special term for the Holy Spirit.
99. In John’s Gospel, the most important commandment of Jesus is love one another.
100. John’s Gospel refers to the opponents of Jesus as the Jews, which refers to a specific rival religious movement in the first century.
* Compare and contrast the Pharisees and the Sadducees. List at least half a dozen distinctive characteristics of each group. (Chapter 1)
The Pharisees and the Sadducees were two very distinctive Jewish groups. The Pharisees were generally middle class and power based outside of Jerusalem. The Sadducees were mainly upper class and power base in Jerusalem. The Pharisees associated with synagogues and were known as teachers and scholars. Theologically, the Pharisees committed to maintaining Israel's relationship with God through obedience to the law and believed in resurrection of humans to a life beyond death. The Sadducees were associated with the temple and were primarily priest. Compared to the Pharisees, the Sadducees' committed to maintaining Israel's relationship with God through the sacrificial system. The Sadducees did not believe in life beyond death and were skeptical of beliefs regarding spiritual beings. The Pharisees, however, accepted the Old Testament as scripture and believed in spiritual beings such as angels and demons. The Sadducees only accepted the Torah as scripture. The prominent Pharisees were the Shammai and the Hillel. The prominent Sadducees were the Caiaphas and the Annas. The Sadducees, in the New Testament, were the primary architects of the plot to have Jesus put to death. The Pharisees, in the New Testament, argued with Jesus over matters of law and were connected to the plot to have Jesus put to death. The Pharisees were primary forebears of modern Judaism. The Sadducees disappeared from history after the disastrous Jewish war with Rome.
* Explain how and why John presents Jesus’ death as his glorification (Chapter 8). What does Jesus death finish?
John presents Jesus death as his glorification because it was when Jesus was lifted from earth to return to the Father. Jesus' crucifixion reveals the depth of God's love for humanity and the depth of Jesus' love for his followers. When Jesus declares, "it is finished" he means, what I came to do has been accomplished (be saved, enter God's kingdom, and be set free).
2. Which Seleucid (Greek) ruler initiated a reign of terror designed to exterminate the Jewish religion?
Antiochus Epiphanes
3. Which person brought Palestine under Greek control, inaugurating the Hellenistic period?
Alexander the Great
4. Which group led a successful Jewish rebellion to gain freedom from foreign rule?
Maccabees
5. Which ruling family ruled an independent Jewish state until civil wars made them ripe for conquest by the Romans?
Hasmoneans
6. Which of the following is not characteristic of the Pharisees? practiced celibacy
7. Which of the following is not characteristic of the Sadducees? radically anti-Roman
8. Which of the following …show more content…
is not characteristic of the Essenes? associated with the Jerusalem temple
9. What Jewish group was radically anti-Roman and advocated armed rebellion against Roman forces?
Zealots
10. Which of the following is not characteristic of the Samaritans? supported the family and dynasty of Herod
11. Which Gentiles embraced Jewish theology, worship, and morality but did not fully convert to Judaism by being circumcised and following the Jewish dietary laws?
God-fearers
12. Which person, who was appointed by the Romans, ruled over Palestine from 37 BCE to 4 BCE and was known for his building projects as well as his paranoia of those wanting to usurp his throne?
Herod the Great
13. Which tetrarch, and son of Herod the Great, was appointed by the Romans and ruled the region of Galilee the entire time of Jesus’ life and ministry?
Herod Antipas
14. Which Roman governor ruled Judea from 26 to 36 CE and was responsible for the crucifixion of Jesus?
Pontius Pilate
15. What term refers to Jews living outside the traditional homeland of Palestine who were influenced by Hellenism?
Diaspora
16. The Greek translation of the Jewish Bible is referred to as the
Septuagint.
17. What religious perspective combines a radical dualistic outlook (clear distinction between good and evil) with a deterministic view of history (the idea that everything is proceeding according to a divine plan)? apocalypticism 18. Which religious movement promoted secret knowledge that will allow the soul to be set free from the bodily prison in this material world?
Gnosticism
19. Which philosophical school emphasized free will, questioned fate, and encouraged the attainment of true pleasure through the avoidance of anxiety and moderation in all things?
Epicureanism
20. Which philosophical school emphasized the attainment of virtue through acceptance of fate, based on the notion that all things are predetermined and that there is logic to all that transpires in the universe?
Stoicism
21. Which philosophical school emphasized radical authenticity, repudiation of shame, simplicity of lifestyle, and a desire to possess only what is obtained naturally and freely?
Cynicism
22. Which terms are used most often to describe the dynamics of the patron-client relationship: the patron’s bestowal of benefits and the client’s expected attitude of loyalty to the patron? grace and faith
23. What social value refers to the status that one has in the eyes of others whom one considers to be significant, including factors such as age, gender, nationality, and economic class? honor 24. What term refers to a list of books that are officially accepted as scripture? canon 25. What two developments in early Christianity made the canon an issue for Christians?
(1) some Christians were excluding certain writings and (2) some Christians were producing new writings and attributing them to apostles
26. Regarding the New Testament canon, most scholars would accept which two conclusions? (1) all New Testament writings are compatible with “apostolic Christianity” and (2) the New Testament writings present a variety of viewpoints | |
27. Text criticism is a scholarly discipline that analyzes and compares New Testament manuscripts in order to reconstruct what the original manuscripts probably said.
28. Which of the following would not be a subject of study in sociological criticism? variant readings of New Testament manuscripts
29.
Which of the following would not be a subject of study in narrative criticism? literary sources
30. Which of the following terms is not associated with form criticism?
: polyvalence
31. Redaction criticism tries to determine the particular intentions of New Testament authors by analyzing how they organized and edited their sources
32. Which of the following is not associated with rhetorical criticism? reader’s social location
33. What scholarly discipline is interested in the capacity of the New Testament texts to mean different things to different people (“polyvalence”) and how New Testament texts have been read throughout history? reader-response criticism
34. Which of the following is not an approach included in ideological criticism? sociological criticism
35. What term is associated with postmodern philosophy and seeks to demonstrate the subjective nature of all interpretation and so holds all interpretations equally valid? deconstruction 36. What term refers to the scholarly study of the Bible with an emphasis on the explication of texts using various academic approaches? exegesis 37. What term refers to the philosophical reflection on the process of interpretation?
hermeneutics
38. What designation is used by scholars to denote the earthly, historical figure of Jesus? the pre-Easter Jesus
39. What term describes the facet of Jesus’ ministry in which he preaches on the road, taking his message to different groups as he and his disciples move from place to place? itinerant 40. The most prominent topic addressed by Jesus in his preaching and teaching is the kingdom of God.
41. Which of the following is not an implication of Jesus’ preaching of the kingdom of God, that is, God’s presence and power? an insistence on strict purity, separating oneself from sinners
42. Which of the following is not a regular part of Jesus’ ministry? offering sacrifices
43. Jesus’ ministry brought him into conflict with the religious leaders of Israel in matters of all of the above
44. The Gospels present the death of Jesus as a result of the collaboration of high-ranking Jewish leaders and an unjust Pontius Pilate.
45. Which of the following is not an aspect or quality of “historical Jesus” studies?
The exalted figure of Jesus in the New Testament helps “historical Jesus” scholars fill out their historical reconstructions.
46. The literary genre that best describes the Gospels is ancient biography.
47. Which of the following is not characteristic of the Gospels?
The authors of the Gospels were detached from their subject matter and attempted to offer objective and balanced perspectives of Jesus.
48. In the Gospels, possession by an evil spirit (demon) causes people to experience some sort of physical distress or disability.
49. Which of the following is characteristic of parables? all of the above
50. Which of the following is not true of miracles in the Gospels?
The most common response to miracles in the New Testament is disbelief.
51. Passion narratives are accounts of Jesus’ arrest, trial, and crucifixion.
52. The Synoptic Gospels are
Matthew, Mark, and Luke.
53. Which of the following is not true of “Q”? a source discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls
54. Which Gospel do most scholars think was the first to be written?
Mark
55. In the second century, a prominent Christian named Tatian produced the Diatessaron, which was a synthesis of the four Gospels, creating one extended narrative of Jesus’ life. |
57. From reading the Gospel of Matthew, what can be surmised about its author? | He is a Jewish Christian, perhaps even a converted rabbi or synagogue leader, writing a generation or more after the time of Jesus. |
|
58. As an example of Matthew’s affinity for structure and fondness of numbers, he cites twelve-----------, perhaps playing on the number of tribes of Israel.fulfillments of Old Testament prophecy |
|
59. Geographically, Matthew’s Gospel is often thought to have originated in the city of | |
|
Antioch.
60. Among the four Gospels, Matthew shows the greatest interest in the role of |
Peter.
|
61. Among the four Gospels, only Matthew presents Jesus as speaking about | the church. |
62. Which of the following is not a distinctive of Matthew’s Gospel when compared to the Gospel of Mark? Matthew intensifies Mark’s negative portrayal of the disciples by doubling those scenes that show the disciples misunderstanding Jesus’ teachings. |
|
63. According to Matthew, in what way is God’s abiding presence a reality on earth? | all of the above |
64. Matthew emphasizes the role of Jesus as teacher by presenting the teachings of Jesus in _________ large blocks of material. five |
|
65. For Matthew, the key to interpreting the Jewish scripture (Old Testament) lies in the recognition that | it is fulfilled in the life and teachings of Jesus. |
66. The phrase “binding and loosing” in Matthew’s Gospel most likely refers to Jesus’ (and so the church’s) authority tointerpret and apply the law. |
|
67. Which of the following are unique to Matthew’s Gospel? | all of the above |
68. In Matthew’s Gospel, Jesus regards the Jewish leaders as | evil persons closely identified with Satan..
69. Which of the following is found in Mark’s Gospel? the empty tomb
70. Which of the following is not a conclusion by scholars regarding the background of Mark’s Gospel? written in Palestine
71.Which word occurs 42 times in Mark’s Gospel—eleven times in the first chapter—and is characteristic of its narrative style?
. immediately
72. Mark’s technique of sandwiching one story into the middle of another is called intercalation. 73. Mark ends his Gospel with the women being afraid and telling no one the angel’s message.
74. According to Mark, Jesus speaks in parables so that only insiders will understand him.
75. Many scholars argue that the secrecy motif in Mark’s Gospel functions to highlight this event in rightly understanding the identity and mission of Jesus. the cross
76. Mark’s Gospel is often said to be dominated by the passion narrative.
77. Which of the following is not part of Mark’s portrayal of the disciples?
The disciples faithfully proclaim the gospel.
78. Tradition has identified Luke, the author of the third Gospel, as a physician, but what other occupation has been associated with this Gospel writer? painter (artist)
79. Luke’s Gospel is addressed to a certain Theophilus, who is most likely a wealthy patron responsible for commissioning Luke’s literary project.
80. The author of the Gospel of Luke also wrote what other New Testament book?
Acts
81. Which of the following can be surmised about the author of the Gospel of Luke?
He was well educated, knowledgeable in both classical literature and the Jewish scriptures.
82. Which three words would Luke probably omit from Mark 10:14 (“When Jesus saw this, he was indignant and said to them, ‘Let the little children come to me; do not stop them; for it is to such as these that the kingdom of God belongs’”)?
“he was indignant”
83. Luke’s birth narrative is unique in its use of hymns. 84. What does Jesus do more often in Luke than in any other Gospel? pray 85. What motif is prominent in Luke’s Gospel and probably functions to establish connections between the stories in the Gospel and the Christian gatherings in Luke’s own time? food/meals 86. Luke portrays Jesus as one who all of the above
87. For Luke, the salvation that Jesus makes available is a reality to be experienced here and now.
88. Luke’s Gospel shows special concern for all of the above
89. Which of the following is not a theme developed further in Acts? imminent expectation of the parousia
90. Since the times of early Christianity, John’s Gospel has been described as
“the spiritual Gospel.”
91. John is the only one of the four Gospels in which Jesus is called the Word.
92. Which of the following do we find in John’s Gospel?
Jesus washing the disciples’ feet
93. Which story does not appear in John’s Gospel? all of the above
93. From the perspective of modern scholars, which of the following best describes the composition of the Gospel of John?
The testimony of one of Jesus’ original disciples; it was written, preserved, and edited by leaders of the community founded by that disciple.
95. In John’s Gospel, Jesus often describes himself by using metaphors. 96. In John’s Gospel, Jesus’ death is presented as his glorification.
97. Which of the following is not an aspect of salvation in John’s Gospel? being rescued from God’s wrath
98. In John’s Gospel, the word “Paraclete” is a special term for the Holy Spirit.
99. In John’s Gospel, the most important commandment of Jesus is love one another.
100. John’s Gospel refers to the opponents of Jesus as the Jews, which refers to a specific rival religious movement in the first century.
* Compare and contrast the Pharisees and the Sadducees. List at least half a dozen distinctive characteristics of each group. (Chapter 1)
The Pharisees and the Sadducees were two very distinctive Jewish groups. The Pharisees were generally middle class and power based outside of Jerusalem. The Sadducees were mainly upper class and power base in Jerusalem. The Pharisees associated with synagogues and were known as teachers and scholars. Theologically, the Pharisees committed to maintaining Israel's relationship with God through obedience to the law and believed in resurrection of humans to a life beyond death. The Sadducees were associated with the temple and were primarily priest. Compared to the Pharisees, the Sadducees' committed to maintaining Israel's relationship with God through the sacrificial system. The Sadducees did not believe in life beyond death and were skeptical of beliefs regarding spiritual beings. The Pharisees, however, accepted the Old Testament as scripture and believed in spiritual beings such as angels and demons. The Sadducees only accepted the Torah as scripture. The prominent Pharisees were the Shammai and the Hillel. The prominent Sadducees were the Caiaphas and the Annas. The Sadducees, in the New Testament, were the primary architects of the plot to have Jesus put to death. The Pharisees, in the New Testament, argued with Jesus over matters of law and were connected to the plot to have Jesus put to death. The Pharisees were primary forebears of modern Judaism. The Sadducees disappeared from history after the disastrous Jewish war with Rome.
* Explain how and why John presents Jesus’ death as his glorification (Chapter 8). What does Jesus death finish?
John presents Jesus death as his glorification because it was when Jesus was lifted from earth to return to the Father. Jesus' crucifixion reveals the depth of God's love for humanity and the depth of Jesus' love for his followers. When Jesus declares, "it is finished" he means, what I came to do has been accomplished (be saved, enter God's kingdom, and be set free).