Journalism

Jornalism Essay

MID-TERM TEST ASSIGNMENT

BASIC OF JOURNALISM

Lecture : SRISNA J. LAHAY

IRNAWATI

2011410047

S5C

STBA LIA JAKARTA

JL. PENGADEGAN TIMUR RAYA NO. 3

PANCORAN, JAKARTA SELATAN 12770

Basic of journalism is lesson about where journalism comes from, what things that related to journalism and many things. Before we learned all, we learned the basic first. In Basic of Journalism, we have learned many chapters. The chapters are about “The History Of Journalism”, “Truth, Objectivity, Perspectivism”, “Theories Of The Press”, “Media Ethics and Society”, “Journalism and The Attered State”, “Journalism and Infotainment”, “Journalism And Public Relations”.

“The History Of Journalism” is about when the word of “journalism” appear, where the word of “journalism” found, who are related to journalism. Journalism is social process of transferring news from one point to another. Journalism has been known by people for years ago because it is tools to spread news or information. A long time ago, journalism was traditional. The media is too traditional not like today. They haven’t used newspaper, television, radio, magazine and Internet yet.

Etymologically, the first term of journalism is “Acta Diurna” comes from roman. The meaning of “Diurna” is daily or everyday. Then, the meaning of “Acta” is note. “Acta Diurna” refers to a announcement board which usually used by romans when they have a meeting and the result will announce to people. From this word ,”Acta Diurna”, the word of journalism is derived from”Journal”. The meaning of “Journal” is daily note or note about daily activities which happen day by day. “Journal” derives from Latin, “diurnalis” means that the person who do the journalism.

Beside that, the meaning of journalism in France is taken from “De Jour” means that daily. In the story of roman empire, king asked person to write all events which happen in the kingdom. The note is written in board. Then, the board is hung in the royal porch. Julius Caesar expanded this board. Time by time, in 1901, Gugliermo Marconi and friends used wireless radio transmitter to send the signal from America to Europe. After this tool is developed to become better, there were so many news publishers used this tool.

“Truth, Objectivity, Perspectivism”. Truth means the state of being in accord with fact or reality. The data, info, news can be proven. It must have benefit and accord to fact/reality. The truth also means having similarity with the original one without add/alleviate data. In searching the data for truth, we can find from the numbers, location, the name of people, year, time, etc. Some experts like Avicenna (Ibn Sinna) said that truth is what corresponds in the mind to what is outside it.

In the context of journalism, objectivity may be understood as synonymous with neutrality. The objectivity, we can find from the point of view from reader or writer. It must believe to fact not value. The objectivity must fair and distrust in values like Michael Schundson says.

Perspectivism means that there are many possible conceptual schemes or perspective in which judgment of truth or value can be made. Perspectivism claims that there are objective evaluations which transcend cultural formations or subjective designations.

“Theories Of The Press” is learn about four theories are related to journalism. The three theories are authoritarian theory of the press, libertarian of the press, and the social responsibility theory.

First theory is authoritarian theory. The authoritarian theory developed in the 16th and 17th century England. This theory supports and advances the policies of government and to serve the state. This theory is controlled by government license, law and censorship. Singapore, Myanmar, Korea, and China use this theory.

The second theory is libertarian theory. The libertarian theory is adopted in England and influences many countries. The purpose is to inform, sell, entertain, as well as discover truth and check on government. Protect the people’s liberties and rights. The ownership is chiefly private. They speak and act freely. United State of America uses this theory.

The last theory is the social responsibility theory. It argues that freedom of a powerful must be balance with social responsibility. Media and the government collaborate and depend on each other. France uses this theory.

“Media Ethics and Society” learn about ethics in journalism. Media ethics deals with ethical principles of media include broadcast media, film, etc. Area of media ethics are ethics of journalism, ethics of entertainment media and media and democracy.

The topics covered by ethics of journalism are news manipulation. The news can manipulate or can be manipulated. Truth, and conflict the law. Conflict the law such as protection of confidential news sources. Ethics of entertainment media includes are the depiction of sex and violence also presence the strong language, stereotypes, taste and taboos, product placement. The violence and sex are protected by rating system and supervision. Media and democracy has a special relationship between government and media. Media guaranteed their news that had spread to every people. Government monitors the media for intelligence gathering against its own people.

“Journalism and The Attered State” is a political force whose influence isn’t consistently recognized. The fourth estate is media, print journalism, profession of journalism, and press. There are three states such as the lord spiritual like clergyman, the lords temporal like hereditary peers, the house of common like government and parliament. The three states based on old English. The fourth estate used to emphasize the independence of the press.

“Journalism and Infotainment” is focused on entertainment business and its products. Infotainment is combining information and entertainment, so, it refers to a type of media which provide that. Infotainers and entertainers in infotainment media, such as news personalities who cross the line between journalism and entertainment such as Anderson Cooper, etc.

“Journalism And Public Relations” is learn about the relation between them and how they depend on each other. Public Relations is the planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between organization and its public. There are some methods and tactics of public relations. The first is audience targetting. Audience targetting is a fundamental technique in public relations is to identify the target. The second is spin. For the first time spin has know as to deceit or manipulate the public, but now spin refers to providing a certain explanation of informant to sway public opinion. The tools in public relations is social media marketing. Mass media is very important for public relations to communicate directly with the public. the main aim of those working in public relations is to influence public opinion and promote and protect an individual or organization's image and products. They (public relations) can not succeed in their job unless they collaborate with the press. If public relations want to make an advertisement, they need press. So the press can publish it.

After all this chapters were concluded, I choose chapter about Truth, Objectivity, Perspectivism. Truth means the data can be proven, Truth also means having similarity with the original one without add/alleviate data. The objectivity is point of view of the reader and author of the article. The perspectivism is there are many possible conceptual schemes or perspective in which judgment of truth or value can be made.

7 killed, 100 wounded in Nigeria church bombing
Godwin Attah, Associated Press, Kaduna, Nigeria | World | Sun, October 28 2012, 9:21 PM

A suicide bomber rammed an SUV loaded with explosives into a Catholic church holding Mass on Sunday in northern Nigeria, killing at least seven people and wounding more than 100 others in an attack that sparked reprisal killings in the city, authorities and witnesses said.

As rescuers tried to reach the wounded in the Malali neighborhood of Kaduna, angry youths armed with machetes and clubs beat to death two Muslims passing by the still-smoldering ruins of St. Rita's Catholic church. An Associated Press reporter saw the men's corpses outside the worship hall, as police and soldiers ordered those in the neighborhood of Christians and Muslims to go home before more violence broke out.

The car bombing, the latest high-casualty attack targeting churches, comes as people fear more reprisal killings and religious violence could follow in this city and elsewhere along Nigeria's uneasy religious fault line separating its largely Christian south from its predominantly Muslim north. The attack happened around 9 a.m. as the reverend of the parish conducted Sunday worship. Witnesses said the suicide bomber plowed his SUV past a gate and a security guard before ramming into the church's wall and detonating the explosives hidden inside the vehicle. The blast left shattered glass and blood across the floors of the church's sanctuary. One of the brown walls of the church caved in and bore scorch marks from the blast. Rescuers found the bodies of seven worshippers and the suicide bomber after the attack, said Yushau Shuaib, a spokesman for Nigeria's National Emergency Management Agency. Shuaib said more than 100 others suffered injuries in the blast and had been taken to local hospitals.

Kaduna state police commissioner Olufemi Adenaike told journalists at the church that authorities had urged those living in the religiously mixed neighborhood to return home and stay indoors to halt any further revenge attacks. Saidu Adamu, a spokesman for Kaduna state government, said the rest of the city was peaceful. Reuben Abati, a spokesman for President Goodluck Jonathan, said the nation's leader condemned the attack. "The persistence of messengers of evil will not prevail over the will of the government and the people to secure peace and safety," Abati said.

No group immediately claimed responsibility for the attack, which comes as the Muslims in the nation are celebrating the end of Eid al-Adha holiday in Nigeria. In recent days, rumors have circulated that the radical Islamist sect known as Boko Haram, which is blamed for hundreds of killings this year alone, might try to launch an attack during the holiday. The sect has demanded the release of all its captive members and has called for strict Shariah law to be implemented across the entire country. However, the group, which speaks to journalists in telephone conference calls at times of its choosing, could not be immediately reached for comment.

The sect has used suicide car bombs against churches in the past, most noticeably a 2011 Christmas Day attack on a Catholic church in Madalla near Nigeria's capital. That attack and assaults elsewhere in the country killed at least 44 people. An unclaimed car bombing on Easter in Kaduna killed at least 38 people on a busy roadway after witnesses say it was turned away from a church.

Christians and Muslims largely live in peace, work together and inter-marry in Nigeria, a nation of more than 160 million people. However, Kaduna, a major city of Nigeria's north that has a large Christian population, has seen hundreds killed in recent years in religious and ethnic violence. More than 2,000 died in Kaduna state as the government moved to enact Islamic Shariah law in 2000. In 2002, rioting over a newspaper article suggesting the Prophet Muhammad would have married a Miss World pageant contestant killed dozens in Kaduna. After the April 2011 presidential election, protests in Kaduna over Jonathan, a Christian, winning quickly turned into ethnic and religious violence that saw hundreds killed in that state alone. On Oct. 14, gunmen armed with assault rifles attacked a rural Kaduna state village, killing at least 24 people, including worshippers leaving a mosque after prayers before dawn. Officials said the attack likely came from a criminal gang angry over the village killing some of their men. In another attack Sept. 30, gunmen detonated a bomb near an Islamic school in Zaria.

Three church bombings in June claimed by Boko Haram and retaliatory violence after the attacks in Kaduna killed at least 50 people. Some fear the reprisal killings may begin again."The northern parts of Nigeria have suffered from so much bloodshed and violence," said Shehu Sani, an activist who runs the Kaduna-based Civil Rights Congress. "We live in a continuous interval of bloodletting. We must not submit to violence or succumb to fear. Intolerance is eroding our liberties and insurgency is destroying our rights."

The truth in this article is “A suicide bomber rammed an SUV loaded with explosives into a Catholic church holding Mass on Sunday in northern Nigeria, killing at least seven people and wounding more than 100 others”. It is truth because there are numbers and place where it happened. Other truth is “Rescuers found the bodies of seven worshippers and the suicide bomber after the attack, said Yushau Shuaib, a spokesman for Nigeria's National Emergency Management Agency.” It is truth because there is number like the first one and also there is a name of the person is Yushau Shuaib.” On Oct. 14, gunmen armed with assault rifles attacked a rural Kaduna state village, killing at least 24 people, including worshippers leaving a mosque after prayers before dawn.” It is the third truth because there is a date and amount of people who are killed.

“Three church bombings in June claimed by Boko Haram and retaliatory violence after the attacks in Kaduna killed at least 50 people.” It is the fourth truth.

“The attack happened around 9 a.m. as the reverend of the parish conducted Sunday worship.” It is the fifth truth because there is a time that explaine the time of the accident. “Kaduna, a major city of Nigeria's north that has a large Christian population, has seen hundreds killed in recent years in religious and ethnic violence.” It is the sixth truth.

The ojectivity tells The objectivity of this article is “Kaduna state police commissioner, Olufemi Adenaike told journalists at the church that authorities had urged those living in the religiously mixed neighborhood to return home and stay indoors to halt any further revenge attacks. Saidu Adamu, a spokesman for Kaduna state government, said the rest of the city was peaceful.” It is an objectivity because this statement still related to government’s opinion. The second is “In 2002, rioting over a newspaper article suggesting the Prophet Muhammad would have married a Miss World pageant contestant killed dozens in Kaduna,” because there is a word “suggest” that the fact maybe wrong.

The third is "The northern parts of Nigeria have suffered from so much bloodshed and violence," said Shehu Sani, an activist who runs the Kaduna-based Civil Rights Congress. "We live in a continuous interval of bloodletting. We must not submit to violence or succumb to fear. Intolerance is eroding our liberties and insurgency is destroying our rights." It is an objectivity because it is an opinion of Shehu Sani, an activist.

The perspectivism is the violence still appears in that country. Whereas the simple thing appears, they get angry directly even they hurt each other by killing. They have a personal gun whether it may be used by civilian or not.