Kant, worked on ethics and wrote two general schools of thoughts. The first theory is consequentialist moral theories, which divides the thought of right and wrong based on the outcome and it consequence of an action, therefore the end justifies the means.The second theory is deontology which is similar to consequentialist but instead right and wrong based upon oneself. Thus categorical imperative was introduced, categorical imperative is based upon kant's idea that morality is derived by rationality and all moral judgement are rationally supported, in other words what’s right is right and what’s wrong is wrong. In more detail into categorical Imperative, there are three maxim, first maxim is all your actions must have universality. therefore for if you want to do something it must be okay for everyone else to do it, as Kant uses suicide as an example he says “is it contrary to my duty to take my life if i am in despair due to my many misfortunes? First, i should ask what if all though this way and acted upon it and became a law of nature” Second Maxim is every human should be treated as a end and not a mean, which means you’re not obligated nor allowed to manipulate someone no matter what. Third maxim one should act like you're the moral authority of the entire universe. As we compare this to Friedrich Nietzsche’s thoughts on morality we notice difference. immanuel Kant in…
There is an old saying that it is better to be lucky than good. This may be true if a person is always lucky, but luck sometimes has a tendency to run out. Making decisions that affect other people’s lives based on luck can be sometimes dangerous, and usually ethically questionable. Leaders who routinely depend on luck for success may find themselves relying on other questionable actions, such as lying, cheating, or stealing, to ensure luck stays on their side. Additionally, this type of behavior may force subordinates to make ethically questionable decisions when luck begins to run out.…
Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher from the 18th century who is well known as an essential person in philosophy today. He has made the argument that there are a set of essential ideas that structure human experience and is the source of morality. His thought continues to have a major influence in contemporary thought, especially the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics. Kant’s theory on morality as often been criticized on being too…
In this analytical paper I’ll be analyzing a scenario about a five year old girl who is in renal failure and is in need of a kidney transplant. In this the father is the only one compatible with her, but he does not want to donate his kidney to save her life. The scenario will be analyzed through the deontological/Kantian and the consequentialist/utilitarian viewpoints in ethical decision making. It’ll also be analyzed by deciding which perspective would be relevant and a discussion of what I as a doctor would do following the ethical view point of my choice.…
In “A Simplified Account of Kantian Ethics”, author Onora O’Neill makes the claim that Kantianism and Utilitarianism have 2 distinct views on human life and the way it’s value should guide an individual’s morals. She firstly focuses on explaining the Utilitarian perspective on individual purpose and life value, rather dramatically calling it a task “not for the faint-hearted” (O’Neill, 4). Fundamentally, utilitarianism upholds a standard of maximizing utility, meaning that no one individual’s happiness is to be ranked above the greater good in importance. She describes Utilitarianism as “dauntingly long, indeed interminable,” (O’Neill, 4) which I personally think is true of any moral theory, Kantianism included, but more so for Utilitarianism because of its requirement of self-sacrifice.…
The way Kant applied his famous and first formula, namely the Formulas of Universal Law (FUL) and the Formula of Law of Nature (FLN) to four famous examples of maxims contrary to duty, in his major works (the Groundwork, Metaphysical of Moral and Critique of Practical Reason), supports the thought that Kant’s ethical theory might be understood as a constructivist under the standard model. Wood puts this connection as follows:…
Emmanuel Kant (hereinafter “Kant”) believes that Ethics is categorical and states that our moral duties are not dependent on feelings but on reason. He further states that our moral duties are unconditional, universally valid, and necessary, regardless of the possible consequences or opposition to our inclinations (Pojman and Vaughn 239).…
Fraud is generally defined as an omission of a material fact or a misrepresentation of the truth, intended for personal gain or to cause loss to another party. The act of fraud is most commonly committed in order to deprive another of money, property, or a legal right. Fraud is considered criminal activity, and anyone who is affected by a fraudulent act has the ability to file a lawsuit to collect damages. J.C. Penny was accused of marking up the prices on their products and then discounting them to the original price in order to trick customers into thinking they were receiving heavy discounts and better deals. J.C. Penny committed this act for their own personal gain, and in doing so, they deprived their customers of money that they would…
The categorical imperative is a way of testing possible actions. The maxim of universality is as follows : Act so that the totality of maxims from which you act are such that you can regard yourself as enacting through these maxims a unified scheme of public moral perceptions , the enforcing of which by all reasonable and rational persons . According to Kant, the correct way to think about ones actions are to contemplate whether or not one would like that action to happen to you. In other words, one should use the idea of the golden rule. He thinks that humanity should use this type of guideline, so that humans do not give into their natural ways, and see it in less personal terms.…
Kant believed in the ultimate good and fundamental rationality of humans. This formed the categorical imperative which decides if a decision is good or bad. If a decision can be applied universally and still be possible, it is likely rational. Otherwise the maxim will result in either a contradiction in conception resulting in a perfect duty or a contradiction in will or imperfect duty. Kant also believed that performing a good action for non-rational reasons is not morally good and rational decisions with consequences we cannot be held accountable for as it is outside of…
Immanuel Kant was an eighteenth-century German philosopher. Essentially Kant’s most important principles for being ethical are good will and moral laws. According to Kant, a person who has the tenacity of good will influenced by moral values and act in accordance with this rather than their own desires is considered a person of goodwill. Consequently, Kant’s moral theory is deontology, which entails acting out of duty rather than inclination or desirability of idiosyncratic interests. In deontology, it is obligatory to follow ‘maxims’ as Kant call them, which are rules such as the law and moral laws. In Kantian ethics, this corresponds with Categorical Imperative, which is following the rule of, “Act only in accordance to that maxim through…
In the mindset of Immanuel Kant, one would be completing their duty in life, when one would complete an action that spreads happiness around them, as well as within themselves, without any other gain. According to Kant, a person is considered a good person when they are of good will, and that a person of good will is one who completes their duty without any self-interest inclinations in mind. When one completes their duty then they are preforming their moral obligations to society. Kant believed that the only thing of moral worth was good will. A will is not good because of the accomplishment or outcome, but because of the good in the will itself.…
In deontology duty is the basis of morality (Boss 299). There are several different kinds of duties; absolute, prima facie, positive, and negative. An absolute duty is always morally binding while a prima facie duty is binding unless it conflicts with a more urgent moral duty (Boss 300). Positive duties require some form of an action such as giving someone money. In contrast negative duties are duties in which restraint is necessary such as cheating (Boss 300). Immanuel Kant developed his own version of deontology called the categorical imperative. A categorical imperative is different than a hypothetical imperative because categorical imperatives state something should be done regardless of the consequences (Boss 304). Kant developed two formulations…
German philosopher Immanuel Kant, father of the categorical imperative, seems to have found me in the right season of life. German philosopher, Immanuel Kant, is considered by many to be a central figure in modern philosophy due to his contributions made to ethics, epistemology, metaphysics and aesthetics. Arguably, his most notable contribution is fathering the categorical imperative, a command of reason not based upon the desires of any one person. Kant also comments on various topics including gifts of fortune, good will, “perfect happiness” and the intrinsic value of a human being. As a 19 year-old college student, I find myself in a transitionary stage of life; the decisions I make today determine the direction of the remainder of my life.…
Kant believed that a moral action is made up of duty and good will. Without duty, an action cannot be morally good. This is how he developed the duty-based Categorical Imperative, also known as moral commands, as a foundation for all other rules and will be true in any circumstance purely based on reason. These tell everyone what to do and don’t depend on anything else, such as personal desires. Within the Categorical Imperative, Kant outlines three important maxims in ‘The Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals’ which test how morally acceptable an action is.…