Key Questions

Lesson 5/ Key Questions:
18. In the morning, when you wake up, before you eat, go for a walk , swim, something for around 3-10 minutes. It will help get your metabolism started and work better through out the day.
I would suggest cutting those 2 beers a night into one, or maybe 2 every other day, or 2 a week. I would eat something like oatmeal in the morning, or simple toast with eggs and HAM. Bacon is high in fat and calories. And always get fruit. And Change up your lunch. Make a sandwich. or cut down on the fries too. Make a salad. Switch it up, and make it healthy, but give yourself a day where you can get bad foods, or make it one meal a day with bad foods to start. And at Dinner make sure that the vegetables is a big serving , but also the meat is good, and you should put garlic with it, very healthy for you.
Try and get active a little, go for a walk 3 times a week for 30 minutes, or go to the gym 2 times a week, at work try walking around more. Swimming is my favorite exercise and its a full body workout. Also tae-bo is a lot of fun, and hard work.
19. Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds of ATP. When cells need the energy, the ATP phosphorylates and breaks off a phosphate bond to produce energy for the cell to use to drive reactions or pathways.
20. a) endergonic
b) exergonic
c) exergonic
d) endergonic
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson 6/ Key Questions:
21. a)
(2) acteyl-coA molecules(2 x 2C) ----> Oxaloacetate(4C) ----> Citrate(6C) ---> Isocitrate (6C) ---> (2 NADH) ---> a-ketoglutarate(5C) ---> releases one molecule of CO2 and reduces NAD + to (2 NADH+) ----> Succinyl-coA(4C) yielding CO2 and NADH2+ ----> releases coenzyme A and phosphorylates ADP into (2 ATP)----> Succinate (4C) ----> FAD is converted to (2 FADH2) ----> Fulmarate (4C) ----> Malate (4C) ----> reducing NAD+ to (2 NADH+) ---> Oxaloacetate (4C)
b) 2 ATP, 6 NADH2+, 2 FADH2 per glucose in two turns
22. Anaerobic- Pyruvic acid produces lactic acid (lactic fermentation) or CO2 and ethanol (ethanol fermentation).
Aerobic - oxygen results in water production.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson 7/ Key Questions:
23. Phase 1 (carbon fixation):
- The enzyme rubisco (RuBP carboxylase) catalyzes the attachment of carbon dioxide to a five carbon sugar, ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).
- The unstable product formed immediately splits to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (for each CO2)
- 6 molecules of ATP and 6 molecules of NADPH are used.
Phase 2 (reduction):
- Each molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate receives an additional phosphate group from ATP, becoming 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
- Electrons stored in NADPH are transferred to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. This produces G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate), a sugar.
Phase 3 (regeneration):
- G3P is chemically modified in a way that regenerates RuBP. During this process, 3 ATP are used. Once RuBP is regenerated, it is prepared to receive CO2 again, thus continuing the cycle.
24. a) They come from Photosystem II. Photosystem II gets them by ripping the electrons off of water; this process is called "photolysis."
Electrons gain energy first in Photosystem II, then later in Photosystem I, through the absorption of energy from light.
b) The first thing that happens is light via photons comes in and is absorbed by accessory pigments. Through resonance, the electrons transfer their energy to other electrons, until they reach the reaction center, chlorophyll. Water is absored by the plant and split here by the Z protein, which actually oxidizes the oxygen in water, and causes the release of oxygen, which becomes oxygen gas later, protons and electrons. The protons congregate in the lumen of the thylakoid, and the electrons move down through the cycle. At each photosystem, in linear photophosphorylation, there is a lower energy level than the one before it. The electrons move through the systems from higher energy to lower energy with the help of mobile carriers like plastiquinone. Once the electrons from photosystem two reach the proton pump in the middle, the energy it takes to move through causes the pump to activate and pump protons from the Stroma into the lumen creating a proton gradient. Eventually, these electrons pass through the chain and are finally accepted by NADP+, which then becomes NADPH. The gradient creates the potential energy needed to run the chemiosmotic process via the ATP synthase. This process takes in energy from electrons, and binds phosphates together with ADP to form ATP. These are then used elsewhere in the Calvin cycle, which then creates sugar.
25. Increased global temperatures will cause an increased rate of photorespiration in C3 plants, this will cause a much greater loss of CO2. With less CO2 available (loss of 25-50% of CO2) the Calvin cycle will be far less efficient and thus the plants will have a much slower growth rate. A slower rate of growth and glucose production would eventually lead to a retreat of C3 plants as they would be outcompeted by C4 plants. C4 plants have evolved to adapt to higher temperatures by avoiding the photorespiration pathway. This would cause the planets plant biomass to begin shifting in the favour of C4 plants over a very long period of time.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson 8/ Key Questions:
26. 1) Photosynthesis makes sugar and gives off oxygen so that cellular respiration may be performed. Cellular respiration uses that oxygen and breaks down sugars from photosynthesis into chemical energy.
2) The CO2 produced from respiration’s Krebs Cycle is used in photosynthesis’s Calvin Cycle.
3) The glucose (C6H12O6) produced from photosynthesis’s Calvin cycle is used in respiration’s Glycolysis stage.
4) The H2O produced from respiration’s Krebs cycle is used by photosynthesis in Photosystem 700 (I).
27. 1) knowing that oxygen is required for cellular respiration, you need to increases respiratory rate during exercise.
2) knowing that water is required in the citric acid cycle in cell resp, increase water intake
3) knowing that cell resp breaks down carbohydrates to make ATP, you need to eat carbs to produce energy