1. Enculturation
Is the process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that culture? As part of this process, the influences that limit, direct, or shape the individual include parents, other adults, and peers. If successful, enculturation results in competence in the language, values and rituals of the cultural Enculturation is the process where the culture that is currently established teaches an individual the accepted norms and values of the culture or society where the individual lives. To be able to look through a cultural lens (like "walking in someone else's shoes") from the emic (inside)perspective, rather than the etic (outside) perspective, is KEY to overcoming bias, prejudice, and critically evaluating our own perspectives and enculturation.
2. Ego Defenses
In psychoanalytic theory, when an individual is unable to integrate difficult feelings, specific defenses are mobilized to overcome what the individual perceives as an unbearable situation. The defense that helps in this process is called splitting. Splitting is the tendency to view events or people as either all bad or all good.[1] When viewing people as all good, the individual is said to be using the defense mechanism idealization: a mental mechanism in which the person attributes exaggeratedly positive qualities to the self or others. When viewing people as all bad, the individual employs devaluation: attributing exaggeratedly negative qualities to the self or others.
3. Emotional Influences
While people may engage in critical thinking as they work through a problem, often the final decision is based largely upon emotion. When people engage in emotional thinking, they act according to how each option makes them feel, allowing their emotions to reign almost