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La Science Politique Et Le Néo-Institutionnalisme

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La Science Politique Et Le Néo-Institutionnalisme
La science politique et le néo-institutionnalisme
Séminaire du 7-12-05

Introduction

Dans ce texte, il s 'agit dans un premier temps de présenter d 'une façon générale le néo-institutionnalisme en tant que courant de pensée afin de le situer plus ou moins dans son contexte d 'apparition et notamment pour comprendre quel type d 'approche il se propose d 'être.

Dans un deuxième temps, il sera question de discuter des trois courants qui le composent, c 'est-à-dire : l 'institutionnalisme du choix rationnel, l 'institutionnalisme historique et l 'institutionnalisme sociologique. Ici, le texte sera structuré en deux parties selon les deux interrogations principales de l 'analyse institutionnelle : quelle est la relation entre l 'individu et les institutions ? Et, comment expliquer l 'origine, la stabilité ou le changement des institutions ?
La dernière interrogation comprendra aussi les critiques adressées aux différentes explications proposées du fait de leur nombre et de leur importance.
Il s 'agira en quelque sorte de mettre en confrontation les différents courants de l 'institutionnalisme quant à leur manière de problématiser ces questions et d 'y répondre. Ceci principalement dans le but de montrer les distinctions et les similarités de leurs propositions.

Le néo-institutionnalisme en tant que courant de pensée

Le néo-institutionnalisme apparaît comme nouveau courant de pensée en sciences sociales et politiques dans les années 80. Il naît avec la prétention de renouveler la problématique des institutions soulevée par une ancienne forme d 'institutionnalisme, à laquelle le béhavioralisme avait reproché le caractère trop descriptif des études effectuées.
Le néo-institutionnalisme propose une démarche innovante par rapport aux théories qui l 'ont précédé : en partant du présupposé que l 'Etat et la société s 'influencent mutuellement, il pose les bases à une nouvelle approche voulant accorder un rôle essentiel aux institutions dans l 'explication

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