Lactic Acid Lab Report
INTRODUCTION
Lactic Acid is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH (OH) COOH. Lactic is one of the types of fermentation which occur under anaerobic respiration to produce ATP without the use of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration takes place in certain prokaryotic organisms that have an Electron Transport Chain (ETC) but do not use oxygen as a final electron acceptor at the end of the chain (Campbell et all, 2015) different with the aerobic respiration which use oxygen to produce ATP and its final electron acceptor will be oxygen. The net product of energy for anaerobic respiration is 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, 18 times fewer than the aerobic process. The reason for this is that without oxygen, anaerobic respiration happens in the cytosol rather than in mitochondria. The mitochondria is where the Krebs cycles take place, so without that, the cells are incapable to produce the same amount of ATP per glucose.(khanacademy.org) Instead of being able to attach excess hydrogen molecule to oxygen to create water, the hydrogen …show more content…
molecules instead sited back on the middle carbon of the pyruvate molecule to create lactate.
In lactic acid fermentation, the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule which is pyruvate. The process of lactic acid fermentation is started with Glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol which begins its degradation process by breaking glucose into 2 molecule of a pyruvate. The NADH then transfer its electron directly to pyruvate and become NAD+, catalysed by the enzyme known as lactate dehydrogenase thus generating lactate as by product without releasing carbon dioxide.
When we exercise, our body use oxygen to breakdown glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP (Campbell et all, 2015). However , when we are pushing ourselves beyond the normal training limits, there may not be enough oxygen available to complete the process of aerobic respiration because the only ATP that is produced occurs during the glycolysis reactions, so a substance called lactate is made thus this substance is the result why we turn into an intensely agonizing experience.
Muscles usually receive energy through a process known as cellular respiration but when there is lacked of oxygen( which the cells of our body do not get enough oxygen from a bloodstream to undergo the lengthy process cellular respiration) in the organism, muscles go through anaerobic respiration thus producing lactic acid as a product.
When this lactic acid builds up it can raise the acidity of the cells environment. This increase in acidity can inhibit the processes that break down glucose, making it harder for the cell to produce ATP and usable energy. One commonly identified side effect of this increase in muscle acidity is ‘burning’ sensation felt in the muscles during intense exercise. The extreme lactic acid build-up during or after exercise can result in cramps, muscle ache, a burning feeling in the muscles, and even nausea and stomach pain. Exercise related lactic acidosis is caused by high levels of lactic acid in the
bloodstream.
Therefore, in order to promote optimal fitness without significant lactic acid build-up, we need to play in time controlled amounts so that we don’t surpass our maximum capabilities. We also need to take a lot of waters. Its helps get rid of any excess acid. Other than that, a person also needs to eat a balanced diet which includes lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean meats. Lastly, we have to get plenty of sleep at night and give ourselves time to recover between bouts of exercise. (Lactic Acidosis and Exercise: What You Need to Know)
CONTENT
Vigorous exercise is an activity that full with the challenging activity for a human body. This activity is not usually or common activity that human do daily such as, bicycling 10 miles per hour, hiking uphill with heavy back pack, running and jumping rope. Vigorous exercise is the activity that makes human body work more than often. It’s make human body cell at the muscle work hard and need ATP to continue the activity. But while do this kind of activity it just not exert the muscle cell, it also make human breathing faster to gain the oxygen. This oxygen in some case did not enough to produce energy production that are needs of human body because the oxygen that gain is not quicker or faster than the way body to produce ATP. When the oxygen in human body is not enough to produce ATP for body, muscle cell in human body switch from the aerobic respiration to the fermentation to make ATP by lactic fermentation. This is the process that human cell body produce ATP without oxygen. The glucose get broken down by a glycolysis process to form pyruvate and then the pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as end of product which is allow the glucose to break down and produce energy. This production of the lactic acid is only temporary. It is because when the oxygen is available, this pyruvate can then enter the mitochondria in liver cells and completes cellular respiration (Campbell et al., 2018).
There a few difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. First, the processes are needs to require oxygen or not. In the aerobic respiration the oxygen is need to break down the glucose to produces carbon dioxide, water and energy. It is because in the aerobic respiration glucose is breakdown completely. Therefore, the anaerobic respiration does not need to require the oxygen to break down the glucose to form energy and lactic acid. It is because the glucose do not breakdown completely and only occur in glycolysis process. Next, the aerobic and anaerobic respirations are occurring at different part. The aerobic respiration is occurring in the mitochondria while the anaerobic respiration is occurring in the cytosol. Lastly, the difference of the amount ATP produced. In the aerobic respiration the ATP can be produce up to 32 molecules ATP per glucose molecule. But in the anaerobic respiration the ATP can be produce by substrate-level phosphorylation just only be produce two molecule of ATP.
Aerobic respiration requires O2 to produce ATP. So it undergoes all the process from glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation where it takes place in the mitochondria. Then, the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is oxygen. This is because oxygen, O2havehighly electronegative nature which it drives aerobic respiration by drawing electrons (e-) of the lowest energy from the electron transport chain (ETC), being reduced itself to water (H2O) in the reaction.
Anaerobic respiration do not involved in Krebs cycle but it occurs in cytosol. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen, O2to produce ATP. Therefore, anaerobic respiration uses an electron transport chain (ETC) with a final electron acceptor other than oxygen, O2.Lactic acid fermentation is the product of anaerobic respiration. In the lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as a product, restoring NAD+ with no release of CO2 (Campbell et al., 2018). Lactic acid fermentation always happens in human and animal muscle cells. For this case, we focused on human muscle cells. During an intense exercise, the athlete needs to breathe a lot of oxygen while in human muscle cell are making ATP through lactic acids fermentation. This is because during an intense exercise, the sugar catabolism for ATP production outpaces the muscle’s supply of oxygen from the blood. So, it causes the lactate accumulates in the muscle which can cause fatigue muscle and pain. However, there are an evidence shows that within an hour, the blood carries the excess lactate from the muscles to the liver, where it is converted back to pyruvate by liver cells (Campbell et al., 2018).
Production of lactic acid depends on the intensity or amount of exercise completed. When the intensity of exercise increases, the inconsistency causes a build-up in blood lactate levels that is the lactate threshold is reached. Research says as for runners, males tend to have larger VO2max compare to female. The average VO2max in female is about 33 millilitres of oxygen per kilogram of body mass per minute while 42 ml/kg/min for male. (Crowther, 2018) The percentage of VO2max is the lactate threshold at which lactic acid starts to accumulate in blood. In this case, higher percentage of VO2max may results in greater accumulation of lactic acid in blood. This has not been far studied in female runners. Even so, the available data show that women basically same as for men. (Crowther, 2018) Besides that, lactic acid depends on the amount of muscle present in the body. Naturally male has higher percentage of muscle mass relative compare to female. This is due to the fact that women generally have more body fat. So based on the percentage of VO2max and muscle mass relative, we can say that both gender and body size have a slight influence on the accumulation of lactic acid. CONCLUSION
As the conclusion, the content in this case study is present about the activity that full with the exciting activity for a human body is a vigorous exercise. In that, the human body cell that are at the muscle was work hard to need the ATP for continue the some activity. After that, the muscle cell in human body was control from the aerobic respiration to form the fermentation to make ATP by lactic acid fermentation. It’s because the oxygen in human body was not enough to produce ATP for body. Other than that, there is some different between the anaerobic and aerobic respiration. Such as, at the aerobic respiration, the oxygen was required to breakdown the glucose while in anaerobic, do not need oxygen to breakdown the glucose. Before that, as we know that the Oxygen, O2 was the final electron acceptor in the aerobic respiration. We also know that the athlete needs to breathe a lot of oxygen to the muscle cells make ATP through the lactic acid fermentation which is the lactic acid fermentation was produced the pyruvate by the NADH to form lactate and regenerating NAD+ that not release carbon dioxide,CO2. Lastly, we can conclude that both gender and body sizes have a slight influence on the accumulation of lactic because the percentage of VO2 max and muscle mass relative.
Lactic Acid is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH (OH) COOH. Lactic is one of the types of fermentation which occur under anaerobic respiration to produce ATP without the use of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration takes place in certain prokaryotic organisms that have an Electron Transport Chain (ETC) but do not use oxygen as a final electron acceptor at the end of the chain (Campbell et all, 2015) different with the aerobic respiration which use oxygen to produce ATP and its final electron acceptor will be oxygen. The net product of energy for anaerobic respiration is 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, 18 times fewer than the aerobic process. The reason for this is that without oxygen, anaerobic respiration happens in the cytosol rather than in mitochondria. The mitochondria is where the Krebs cycles take place, so without that, the cells are incapable to produce the same amount of ATP per glucose.(khanacademy.org) Instead of being able to attach excess hydrogen molecule to oxygen to create water, the hydrogen …show more content…
molecules instead sited back on the middle carbon of the pyruvate molecule to create lactate.
In lactic acid fermentation, the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule which is pyruvate. The process of lactic acid fermentation is started with Glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol which begins its degradation process by breaking glucose into 2 molecule of a pyruvate. The NADH then transfer its electron directly to pyruvate and become NAD+, catalysed by the enzyme known as lactate dehydrogenase thus generating lactate as by product without releasing carbon dioxide.
When we exercise, our body use oxygen to breakdown glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP (Campbell et all, 2015). However , when we are pushing ourselves beyond the normal training limits, there may not be enough oxygen available to complete the process of aerobic respiration because the only ATP that is produced occurs during the glycolysis reactions, so a substance called lactate is made thus this substance is the result why we turn into an intensely agonizing experience.
Muscles usually receive energy through a process known as cellular respiration but when there is lacked of oxygen( which the cells of our body do not get enough oxygen from a bloodstream to undergo the lengthy process cellular respiration) in the organism, muscles go through anaerobic respiration thus producing lactic acid as a product.
When this lactic acid builds up it can raise the acidity of the cells environment. This increase in acidity can inhibit the processes that break down glucose, making it harder for the cell to produce ATP and usable energy. One commonly identified side effect of this increase in muscle acidity is ‘burning’ sensation felt in the muscles during intense exercise. The extreme lactic acid build-up during or after exercise can result in cramps, muscle ache, a burning feeling in the muscles, and even nausea and stomach pain. Exercise related lactic acidosis is caused by high levels of lactic acid in the
bloodstream.
Therefore, in order to promote optimal fitness without significant lactic acid build-up, we need to play in time controlled amounts so that we don’t surpass our maximum capabilities. We also need to take a lot of waters. Its helps get rid of any excess acid. Other than that, a person also needs to eat a balanced diet which includes lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean meats. Lastly, we have to get plenty of sleep at night and give ourselves time to recover between bouts of exercise. (Lactic Acidosis and Exercise: What You Need to Know)
CONTENT
Vigorous exercise is an activity that full with the challenging activity for a human body. This activity is not usually or common activity that human do daily such as, bicycling 10 miles per hour, hiking uphill with heavy back pack, running and jumping rope. Vigorous exercise is the activity that makes human body work more than often. It’s make human body cell at the muscle work hard and need ATP to continue the activity. But while do this kind of activity it just not exert the muscle cell, it also make human breathing faster to gain the oxygen. This oxygen in some case did not enough to produce energy production that are needs of human body because the oxygen that gain is not quicker or faster than the way body to produce ATP. When the oxygen in human body is not enough to produce ATP for body, muscle cell in human body switch from the aerobic respiration to the fermentation to make ATP by lactic fermentation. This is the process that human cell body produce ATP without oxygen. The glucose get broken down by a glycolysis process to form pyruvate and then the pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as end of product which is allow the glucose to break down and produce energy. This production of the lactic acid is only temporary. It is because when the oxygen is available, this pyruvate can then enter the mitochondria in liver cells and completes cellular respiration (Campbell et al., 2018).
There a few difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. First, the processes are needs to require oxygen or not. In the aerobic respiration the oxygen is need to break down the glucose to produces carbon dioxide, water and energy. It is because in the aerobic respiration glucose is breakdown completely. Therefore, the anaerobic respiration does not need to require the oxygen to break down the glucose to form energy and lactic acid. It is because the glucose do not breakdown completely and only occur in glycolysis process. Next, the aerobic and anaerobic respirations are occurring at different part. The aerobic respiration is occurring in the mitochondria while the anaerobic respiration is occurring in the cytosol. Lastly, the difference of the amount ATP produced. In the aerobic respiration the ATP can be produce up to 32 molecules ATP per glucose molecule. But in the anaerobic respiration the ATP can be produce by substrate-level phosphorylation just only be produce two molecule of ATP.
Aerobic respiration requires O2 to produce ATP. So it undergoes all the process from glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation where it takes place in the mitochondria. Then, the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is oxygen. This is because oxygen, O2havehighly electronegative nature which it drives aerobic respiration by drawing electrons (e-) of the lowest energy from the electron transport chain (ETC), being reduced itself to water (H2O) in the reaction.
Anaerobic respiration do not involved in Krebs cycle but it occurs in cytosol. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen, O2to produce ATP. Therefore, anaerobic respiration uses an electron transport chain (ETC) with a final electron acceptor other than oxygen, O2.Lactic acid fermentation is the product of anaerobic respiration. In the lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as a product, restoring NAD+ with no release of CO2 (Campbell et al., 2018). Lactic acid fermentation always happens in human and animal muscle cells. For this case, we focused on human muscle cells. During an intense exercise, the athlete needs to breathe a lot of oxygen while in human muscle cell are making ATP through lactic acids fermentation. This is because during an intense exercise, the sugar catabolism for ATP production outpaces the muscle’s supply of oxygen from the blood. So, it causes the lactate accumulates in the muscle which can cause fatigue muscle and pain. However, there are an evidence shows that within an hour, the blood carries the excess lactate from the muscles to the liver, where it is converted back to pyruvate by liver cells (Campbell et al., 2018).
Production of lactic acid depends on the intensity or amount of exercise completed. When the intensity of exercise increases, the inconsistency causes a build-up in blood lactate levels that is the lactate threshold is reached. Research says as for runners, males tend to have larger VO2max compare to female. The average VO2max in female is about 33 millilitres of oxygen per kilogram of body mass per minute while 42 ml/kg/min for male. (Crowther, 2018) The percentage of VO2max is the lactate threshold at which lactic acid starts to accumulate in blood. In this case, higher percentage of VO2max may results in greater accumulation of lactic acid in blood. This has not been far studied in female runners. Even so, the available data show that women basically same as for men. (Crowther, 2018) Besides that, lactic acid depends on the amount of muscle present in the body. Naturally male has higher percentage of muscle mass relative compare to female. This is due to the fact that women generally have more body fat. So based on the percentage of VO2max and muscle mass relative, we can say that both gender and body size have a slight influence on the accumulation of lactic acid. CONCLUSION
As the conclusion, the content in this case study is present about the activity that full with the exciting activity for a human body is a vigorous exercise. In that, the human body cell that are at the muscle was work hard to need the ATP for continue the some activity. After that, the muscle cell in human body was control from the aerobic respiration to form the fermentation to make ATP by lactic acid fermentation. It’s because the oxygen in human body was not enough to produce ATP for body. Other than that, there is some different between the anaerobic and aerobic respiration. Such as, at the aerobic respiration, the oxygen was required to breakdown the glucose while in anaerobic, do not need oxygen to breakdown the glucose. Before that, as we know that the Oxygen, O2 was the final electron acceptor in the aerobic respiration. We also know that the athlete needs to breathe a lot of oxygen to the muscle cells make ATP through the lactic acid fermentation which is the lactic acid fermentation was produced the pyruvate by the NADH to form lactate and regenerating NAD+ that not release carbon dioxide,CO2. Lastly, we can conclude that both gender and body sizes have a slight influence on the accumulation of lactic because the percentage of VO2 max and muscle mass relative.