Level of Compliance on Proper Garbage Disposal

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Medical waste can cause pollution and disease if it is not handled properly. Infectious waste, especially sharps, poses a risk to anyone who comes into contact with it. The WHO estimates that 40% of hepatitis cases and 12% of HIV cases worldwide are caused by occupational exposure. Hospitals also produce small amounts of chemical, pharmaceutical and radioactive waste, which need specialist handling. Added to this, there will be large amounts of more ordinary trash including packaging, paper and food which can make up around 80% of the waste stream. A large hospital can produce a ton of waste every single day.

According to Ali Khan (2006), the Director of Ministry of Environment, Hospital waste includes all waste arising from healthcare establishments. Studies in Pakistan show that large hospitals generate 2.0 kg of waste, per bed per day. Of this, 0.5 kg can be categorized as biomedical risk waste. There are many small hospitals and clinics which also generate risk waste in significant quantities with approximately 0.8 million tons of Daily Medical Waste Generation (from both public & private sector hospitals). Improper disposal practices results in reuse of discarded syringes, IV tubes, blood bags and other equipment which is not designed for either sterilization or reuse. If hospital waste is not properly managed and disposed, it can result in injury by contaminated sharps and infection with Hepatitis B, C, and HIV.

In the Philippines, according to the Department of Health, addressing the issue of the proper health care waste disposal is of paramount concern not only for the environmentalists or other members of the health sector but for the whole society as well, most especially for the agencies involved in the regulation of this very vital element. The Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1999 and the Ecological Solid Waste Management (ESWM) Act of 2000 which both push or reforms in the management of health care waste highlight the imperative to deal with the issues squarely.

In Davao City, about nine months since the "No segregation, no collection" policy was implemented to address the problems on solid waste management. Currently, there are at least 2,364 violators of the said policy who are now facing charges before local court. Based on Davao City Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO) data, 480 people are now facing charges before the Regional Trial Court (RTC) 11 for violating the Republic Act 9003 otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. This is aside from the 40 people who have been convicted by the court (Palma, 2012).

With the above-cited information about proper garbage disposal, the researchers conceptualized this research paper to make a deeper study as an assessment and evaluation on the compliance on proper garbage disposal. Moreover, the researchers selected student nurses of Brokenshire College as the primary respondents because of their wide involvement of the said policy about proper solid waste management. Furthermore, this study will provide substantial knowledge and information for re-evaluation and further studies for the improvement of the said policy on solid waste management.

Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted to determine the level of compliance of student nurses in proper garbage disposal. Specifically, it will seek to answer to the questions: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of: 1.1 Age; 1.2 Gender; 1.3 Year level? 2. What is the level of compliance of the respondents in proper garbage disposal in terms of: 2.1 Garbage Segregation and Recycling; 2.2 Garbage Disposal and Handling? 3. Is there a significant difference in the level of compliance among student nurses of Brokenshire College in proper garbage disposal when analyzed according to their profile?

Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of significance that there is no significant difference between the level of compliance among student nurses of Brokenshire College in proper garbage disposal when analyzed according to their profile.

Theoretical Framework

This study is based on the theory of Florence Nightingale (1866) in which it focuses on the environment. Murray and Zentner (1975) defined environment as “all the external conditions and influences affecting the life and development of an organism and capable of preventing, suppressing, or contributing to disease, or death.” Although Nightingale never used the term environment in her writing, she did define and describe in detail the concept of ventilation, warmth, light, diet, cleanliness and noise which are components of the environment. The theory also notes that cleanliness as a concept is another critical component of Nightingale’s environmental theory (Nightingale 1969). In this regard, she specifically addresses the patient, the nurse and the physical environment. She noted the dirty environment was a source of infection through the organic matter in contain. This study was applied because it is focused on the environment. The theory predicted that the demographic profile of a person would increase the threat to the health of an individual.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Figure 1.The Schematic Diagram of the Study Shown in Figure 1 is the conceptual framework of the study. The independent variable is the profile of the respondents such as: (a) age, (b) gender, (c) year level. The dependent variable is the compliance in proper garbage disposal such as: (a) waste segregation and recycling and (b) garbage disposal and handling

Scope and Limitation

The study aimed to determine the level of compliance awareness of the respondents in proper garbage disposal during hospital duty. The respondents of this study were third year and fourth year student nurses who were officially enrolled in school year 2013-2014 of Brokenshire College of Davao City. The actual gathering of data would on June 2013.

Significance of the Study

The output of the study is beneficial to the following: Students - The output of this study is to provide important knowledge and information to students on the importance of proper garbage disposal, thus increasing their level of awareness on the topic. Brokenshire College - The output of this study is beneficial to the said school since this is to provide them important data for evaluation on the implementation of proper garbage disposal inside the campus and at the same time gauge the level of compliance of students in proper garbage disposal. Future Researchers - The findings of the study is important to future researchers for them to use it as their data baseline to conduct further study on the level of compliance in proper garbage disposal.

Definition of Terms The following terms are defined conceptually and operationally. This section served to help the readers in understanding the study thoroughly by defining terms as their use in the study. Age. It is the length of an existence extending from the beginning to any given time. Compliance. This refers to conforming to a rule, such as a specification, policy, standard or law. Regulatory compliance describes the goal that corporations or public agencies aspire to achieve in their efforts to ensure that personnel are aware of and take steps to comply with relevant laws and regulations. Garbage Disposal. This refers to the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials. Garbage Segregation. It is the process by which waste is separated into different elements. Waste sorting can occur manually at the household and collected through curbside collection schemes, or automatically separated in materials recovery facilities or mechanical biological treatment systems. Gender. It refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women. Year Level. It refers to the level in college the respondent spent or attending to.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains literature regarding proper waste disposal and solid waste management. It also contains findings and recent researches regarding the said issue.

According to Cruz (2009), the problem of waste is an ecological concern and should not be taken for granted. Various environmental problems arise from improper garbage disposal and inappropriate treatment of waste could exacerbate the waste problem and have a major bearing on the health impacts of residents living near landfills, dumpsites or other waste treatment facilities. A major environmental concern is which should be properly addressed by government authorities to ensure the protection of public health and the environment.

According to Rachmat (2005) there were always be a waste. The issue is how we manage the waste. Those that pollution as a result of improper waste disposal should pay to clean it, but responsible parties are often cannot be identified or cannot afford clean-up costs. However, the current waste disposal policy is that property owner pays. The unintended consequences of this policy are that in some instances it is more expensive to clean up a property than the property is worth, and so it is abandoned. These properties, known as brown fields, with actual or perceived contamination, exist throughout the country. The abandoned or underutilized land is burden to communities from loss of tax revenue, unused infrastructure and the creation of blight.

According to Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (2001-2006) This kind of waste reduction has the following effects: it reduces waste disposal cost to other parties (including in collection, transport, processing, and disposal), it reduces the cost of the raw materials used incurred by transport and processing. Waste reduction often requires investment, which is often compensated by the resulting savings. Waste reduction in one area may transfer the waste production to another area; i.e., waste production occurs elsewhere as a result of the procedure. Reuse is using an item more than once. This includes conventional reuse where the item is used a number of items for the same function, and new life reuse where a new use is found for the item. It is distinct from recycling, where the used item is broken down into raw materials which are use to make new items. The classic example of conventional reuse is the doorstep delivery of milk in reusable bottles; other examples include the rethreading of tires and the use of plastic delivery trays (transit packing) in place of cardboard cartons. Recycling is the reprocessing of materials into new products. Recycling prevents useful material resources being wasted, reduces the consumption of new materials and reduces energy usage, and hence greenhouse gas emissions, compared to virgin production. They include glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, iron, textiles, and plastics. Biodegradable waste, such as food waste or garden waste, is also recyclable with the assistance of microorganism through composting or anaerobic digestion.

According to R.A. 9003 (The Solid Waste of 2000) that garbage should be segregate at least 3 separate receptacles in your perspective offices biodegradable, non-biodegradable, non-biodegradable recyclables. These shall be placed in our segregator bins with segregated colors: biodegradable in green and non- biodegradables in gray bins. Violations in paragraph 1 of section 48 littering, throwing, dumping of waste matters in public places shall upon conviction, be punished with a fine not a less than 300 pesos but not more than 300,000 pesos. Violation in paragraph 12 and 13 section 48 shall upon conviction be punished with a fine of not less than 10,000 pesos but not more than 200,000 pesos or imprisonment of not less than 30 days but not more than 3 years.

As early as 1854, Florence Nightingale demonstrated the importance of research in the delivery of nursing care. When nightingale arrived in Crimea in November 1854, she found the military hospital barracks over crowded, filthy, rat and flea infected and lacking in food, drugs and essential medical supplies. As a result of these conditions, men died from starvation and such diseases as dysentery, cholera and typhus. By systematically collecting, organizing, and reporting data Nightingale was able to institute sanitary reforms and significantly reduce mortality rates from contagious disease. Among the category of healthcare waste, general waste is considered a non –hazardous waste. General waste is compatible with domestic or municipal wastes. This category of waste does not pose special handling problem or hazard to human health or to the environment. This is further classified into non-infectious dry waste and non infectious waste.

The non-infectious dry waste is also called the Municipal Waste (MSW) and is defined in chapter 21.3 of Agenda 21 (UNCED, 1992). Solid wastes are domestic refuse and non hazardous waste namely commercial and institutional wastes. In other countries a solid waste management system also handles human waste such as night soil, ashes from incinerators, septic tank sludge and sludge from sewage treatment plants.

Pathological Waste is another category of hospital wastes; biological waste is its other term. According to the Basel Convention, all body parts and other anatomical waste including blood and biological fluids that are recognized by the public or health care staff and that demand, for ethical reasons, special disposal requirements are categorized under biological waste (UNEP, 2000)

Eikmann, et al (2000) stated that environmental protection is a cornerstone of human health sustainability. Increasing news on health issues due to “anthropogenic environmental contamination” raise safety concerns around the world.

The World Health Organization (2007), within the United Nations highlights several physical, chemical and biological risk factors that have an influence on people’s health and death. They are for instance air pollution, local and global environmental hazards, water and sanitation issues. The abundance of literature for policy makers reflecting on the provision of clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal suggests that water and sanitary issues as key services, which can influence the conditions of life.

There is a great deal of information about health on T.V. and radio and in books, newspapers and magazines. There are many programs about heart disease or drug abuse. There are many books and articles about skin care or weight control. Some information on T.V. and radio and printed materials is accurate and informative but some is misleading. Whether good or poor, the programs, books, articles and advertisement are powerful influences on us. (Health a way of Life, 1979)

In addition, other associated risks that can affect health conditions are the collection, processing and disposal of waste. Most refuse produced by humans as such do not have the potential to affect people and other living creatures; however when large amounts of waste are concentrated and poorly managed other situations carrying an element of danger to human health may occur (WHO, 2007).

Bilitewski, et al (2004) defines garbage as an unwanted good that is no longer useful or desirable. In the German Waste Act of August 1993 waste is defined as “a portable object that has been abandoned by the owner” and also as an “orderly disposal garbage”. The Framework Directive on Waste in the United Kingdom states that garbage or waste is a substance and/or object that is discarded by its owners. This statement is followed by 16 waste categories that are currently in force.

The Mexican view on garbage, expressed in the General Waste Amendment of October 2003, refers to a material or product that owners or holders discard, which can be found in a solid or semisolid state, as well as liquid or gas in a container or thrown away and can be revalued, treated or disposed of according to specific regulations (Congreso General de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, 2003).

Garbage is classified in categories such as municipal solid waste, agricultural and animal refuse, industrial residues, extraction and mining waste, construction and demolition debris and sewage sludge among others. The distinction that is made from municipal waste management to other types of waste is in its origin. Garbage emerges from households, commerce and trade, small businesses, office buildings and institutions (schools, hospitals, government buildings). Garbage or waste is defined by the United Nations as “household waste and similar waste”. This includes bulky waste, which includes voluminous unwanted items such as old furniture, found in households; green waste such as garden waste (i.e. leaves, grass, tree branches); street sweeping products and market cleaning materials (United Nations Statistic Division, 2007).

In the United States, garbage is everyday items such as product packaging, grass clipping, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paints and batteries which is disposed of by households and other establishments such as small businesses and institutions (Cliff, 2003).

According to Zerbock (2003), brought basically by their more developed industries and more developed industries and more advanced technology, advanced nations have more efficient and standard waste management plans. Developed countries, however, still employ different methods of waste disposal, which largely depends on a country’s policies and preferences. The large amount of solid waste including its collection, transfer and disposal generated in developed nations has been generally assumed by municipal governments. The format varies, however, inmost urban areas, where garbage is collected either by a government agency or private contractor, and this constitutes a basic and expected government function in the developed world.

According to Gaylan (1990) nursing is a complex profession that requires its practitioners to theorize, analyze, and solve problems, and to possess a large repertoire of clinical skills from surgical hand washing, to calculate dosages of medications, and other complex patient interventions. For many years, schools of nursing have relied on traditional model of lecture and demonstration to introduce these crucial clinical skills.

She added that it makes student dependent on their clinical instructors to learn skills that they must be able to perform independently in a hospital setting, and she observed that student in clinical settings select less challenging patients to work with because they don’t want to make a mistake in front of their instructors. Anderson et al (1998) and Mahat (1996) cited that nursing student state that one of their major sources of stress is reprimanded by nursing instructors when they are in the clinical setting. Student Learning Centers(SLS) can help students and faculty better prepare for hands-on clinical work through guided instruction and practice and can potentially alleviate some of the stress being a new or student nurse as well as prepare both the instructors and students with established goals of clinical practice standard.(Knecht,S.I.Aug.31,2001).

Today, the nursing students were trained different clinical skills needed for the health practice. These skills will be learned through extensive demonstration of the clinical instructor and return demonstrations of the nursing students.

Campbell (2004) emphasized the demonstration and return demonstration are a very important part of the learning process. Teachers will demonstrate essential skills to students, after requesting them to observe carefully. This is the time for clarification of any uncertainties and students are encouraged to ask question. They will then be given an opportunity to practice the skills in the clinical setting.

Noesgard (2004) stressed that after the return demonstration students should be exposed to field. In order for students to learn clinical skills, they will be assigned to a clinic where relevant skills are practiced. They will be supervised by both their teachers and the clinic staff. Objectives for clinical practice and the skills to be learned will be prepared by the teacher.

Galyan (1999) mentioned that the principles are student- faculty contact, cooperation among student, active learning, prompt feedback and efficient time on task, high expectations and respect for diverse talents. According to Jeffries, research shows these principles contribute to student performance and satisfaction when universities consistently apply them. She explained that the teaching-learning processes are crucial and the model used is threaded with them. Lack of facilities affects both boys and girls, although poor situation conditions at school have a stronger negative impact on girls. All girls have access to safe, clean, separate and private sanitation facilities in their schools. If there were no latrines and hand washing facilities at school or if they were in a poor state of repair, the many students would rather not attend than use alternatives. In particular, girls who are old enough to menstruate need to have adequate facilities at school that are separate from those boys. Students may miss school every month and find it hard to catch up which makes them more likely to drop out of school altogether. (Garsuta et. Al, March 2006)

According to Garsuta et. Al, schools are an integral part of the community. Involvement of the local community in school sanitation and hygiene activities increases the effectiveness of the programs. It also promotes the sense of ownership within communities that is needed to sustain the school systems for equation and maintenance, particularly important in the absence of effective local government to provide such services. Although school sanitation and hygiene promotion can bring health benefits for the students and their family members who may improve their sanitation, it is clear that sanitation is a public good and that sanitation improvement has much great benefit when it is achieved by a whole community. Experience shows that students can act as potential agents of change within their homes and communities through their knowledge and use sanitation and hygiene practice learned in school.

One of the primary problems that we have right now is improper waste disposal. As we approached 21st century, the worlds must take steps to solve the increasing burden of garbage or as professionals say municipal solid waste. We are all part of the problem but we can also be part of solution. (Garsuta et. Al)

Schools are integral part of community. Involvement of the local community in school sanitation and hygiene activities increases the effectiveness of the programs. It also promotes the sense of ownership within the communities that is needed to sustain the school systems for operation and maintenance, particularly important in the absence of effective local government to provide such services. Although school sanitation and hygiene promotion can bring promotion, can bring health benefits for students and their family members who may improve their sanitation, it is clear that sanitation is a public good and that sanitation improvement has much greater benefit when it is achieved by the whole community. Experiences shows that students can act as potential agents of change within their homes and communities through their knowledge and use of sanitation and hygiene practice learned at school. (Garsuta et. Al)

The perception of waste as unwanted, “useless”, materials with no intrinsic value has dominated attitudes to their disposal. Coleman (1985) describes pre 1960’s waste disposal practices as being governed by the philosophy, ‘out of sight, out of mind’. Dumping in land into rivers and seas was the most common form of disposal, although it should be pointed out that much of this practice was legal and regarded as acceptable at the time.

Under warm moist conditions, most organic or food waste become haven for disease causing organism (i.e. pathogens). Improperly discarded waste attracts rats, flies, mosquitoes and many other types of insects. It provides food and a place to breed for rodents and insects and it has a potential to contaminate ground and surface water as well as the air. Other components of solid waste such as nails, pointed material objects, broken glass, household pesticides, solvent and sprays cans can also be hazardous. Increasingly, regulations concerning public health and safety require strict compliance with limiting public access to operational areas with providing protective devices for worker safety. (Basic of Solid and Hazardous Work Management Technology, 2001)

University of Maryland, Baltimore shown that the significant percent of waste received from the campus generators consist of surplus and unused chemicals. By auditing allowing each department a knowledge base of chemical purchase and usage will, allowing each department to be developed and implement controls of purchase of chemicals, institute intra-departmental chemical sharing/swapping programs and eliminate excessive purchase and usage. Teaching laboratory protocols need to be examined to determine whether changes in protocols will result in the generation of non-hazardous and less hazardous waste, or waste reduced in toxicity or volume. Specifies to consider include the substitution of non-toxic materials for inorganic, heavy metal, containing salt, treatment or neutralization of experiment end products, distillation or evaporation, of water based chemical and products, reclamation, and reuse of common solvents, use of non-chromate glass cleaners, incorporating waste treatment methodology (neutralization, deactivation, chemical reaction, incretion, etc) as standard part of teaching protocol in order to generate non-hazardous end products.

Research protocol should be examined and modified in a manner similar to the above. Additionally, consideration should be given to substituting biodegradable scintillation cocktails for the traditional solvent based cocktails and substituting non-toxic tissue preservatives for formalin.

Facilities Operations need to be examined to determine whether changes to practices and procedures will result in the generation of non-hazardous or less- hazardous waste or waste reduced in toxicity or volume. Specifies to consider include the substitution of non-toxic materials for toxic one, distillation, or evaporation of water based chemical end product, reclamation and reuse of common solvent, use of non-chromate cleaners, as a standard part of doing business to generate non-hazardous end products.

By implementing and adhering to the guidelines for handling and storing waste at the point of generation, the cost associated with hazardous waste disposal will also be minimized.

According to the Local News in India, the civic body will set up separate garbage bins in all households to dispose of non-biodegradable waste.

The step has been taken up the solid waste management. Officials said that the step would ensure that plastic waste can be treated in an eco-friendly way.

Two separate baskets will be provided to every household in the list of wards.
“One will be for the collection of daily solid waste materials and the other one will store dry non-biodegradable waste materials,” said Chandana Ghosh Dastidar, member mayor in council.

“We will float tenders soon to hire agencies for the collection of non-biodegradable waste materials from the households of the mentioned wards,” said Dastidar.

National Geographic Society said that Mother Earth has her own way of recycling. When anything alive dies in the wild, something else eats it. You may have heard about scavengers such as jackals and vultures, but do you know that some microbes, fungi, and invertebrates live off the remains of plants and animals?

Savvy gardeners sometimes help Mother Earth along by creating compost piles.

• A is for assemble: Composters gather and pile scraps from the yard (leaves, twigs, dead flowers, grass, and the like) and the kitchen (fruit rinds, leftover vegetables). No meat, though, since it smells bad and lures rats. • B is for biodegradable: given enough air, water and warmth, the material serves as supper for microbes and other organisms. • C is compost: The decaying trash turns into compost, fertilizer sometimes described as a gardener’s best friend.

Composting can be a trash collector’s best friend too, since it’s a way of recycling material too moist to incinerate easily. And compost that goes into making the garden bloom isn’t taking up space in a landfill.

According to the science Forum, many shops and public houses also sent bottles back and exchange empty bottles for a small refund, sometimes a few peace. Returning Soda Siphon’s was a big earner, can remember getting 10 shillings for one of those babies. Now we have plastic bottles everywhere and when we do have glass bottles, we are encouraged to put them in skips where they go for remelting and reforming into new bottles. Also putting no value on an empty bottle means it is more likely to get smashed and someone is more likely to be injured on the broken glass. Not long ago the thought of smashing a bottle instead of handing it in for a refund was stupid.

Returning bottles encouraged many young, old and even the poorest of people to recycle for a modest financial gain. Many people did it because they felt it was right to do so and were not bothered about a financial incentive.

There is a move towards recycling plastic bags at supermarkets. But this appears to be changing in favor of better stronger bags that can be used many times over. How many of us today in light of the recent focus on recycling would you be prepared to save bottles and return them for a small remittance instead of listening to them smash as we throw them in the collecting skip?

According to the Ordinance of the Village of Peoria Heights, Illinois, Section One: The following definitions shall apply to this Ordinance

a) Garbage: Reuse resulting from the handling, processing, preparation, cooking, and consumption of food or food products. b) Refuse: Any discarded matter, or any matter which is to be reduced in volume or otherwise change in chemical or physical properties in order to facilitate its discard, removal or disposal. c) Landscape Waste: any vegetable or plant refuse, except garbage and refuse. The term includes trees, tree trimmings, branches, stumps, brush, weeds, leaves and grass, shrubbery and yard trimmings. d) Rubbish: Non-putrescible solid wastes consisting of both combustible and non-combustible wastes, including but not limited to paper, wrappings, cigarettes or other tobacco products, cardboard, plastics, tin cans, glass, wood, bedding, crockery, iron, brass, tin, appliances parts, and other similar materials. e) Litter: Garbage, refuse, landscape waste, and rubbish as herein defined which, if thrown or deposited as prohibited by this ordinance, tends to create a danger to public health, safety and/or welfare. f) Public Place: Any and Streets, sidewalks, boulevards, alleys or other public ways and any all public squares, space, grounds and buildings. g) Rat Proof Container: A garbage can or other container, regardless of size, mobile or stationery, which shall be incapable of being penetrated by and is impervious to rats.

Solid Waste Management

The placement of solid waste in landfills is probably the oldest and definitely the most prevalent form of ultimate garbage disposal. It is to be noted, however, that most landfills refer to nothing more than open dumps. Nonetheless, in the case of developed countries, waste disposal is often in the form of sanitary landfills, which differ from open dumps by their higher degree of engineering, planning and administration (Smith, 2000).

According to Research, Extension and Education Water Quality Programs through the Land Grant University System (2005) proper waste management is a necessity for today’s civilization. The volume and complexity of the waste streams generated by people, industry, and agriculture require that waste be handled using environmentally sound, economically viable methods, recovering and reusing as much of the material as possible. The impacts of poor waste management on human health and the environment become more apparent every day. The environmental impacts of many of the new chemicals used by today’s civilization, at all levels, are nor fully understood, promoting a great deal of concern and often speculation. According to Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (2001-2006) Waste management is the collection, transport, processing (waste treatment), recycling, or disposal of waste materials, usually ones produce by human activity, in an effort to reduce their effect on human health or local aesthetics or amenity. A sub focus in recent decades has been to reduce waste materials effect on the natural world and the environment and to recover resources from them. Waste management can involve solid, liquid or gaseous substances with different methods and fields of expertise for each. Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential, industrial, and commercial producers.

According to Bainbridge (2005) to determine if waste management is adequate in your watershed, you must first make some sort of assessment as to the type, volume and distribution of wastes generated within your watershed. You must then determine if these wastes are being properly managed to reduce potential environmental impacts. A basic knowledge of proper waste pretreatment, utilization and disposal processes will help you make assessment. Pretreatment may include-storage, drying, composting, incineration, shredding or grinding, to reduce volume, or sorting to facilitate recycling-depending on the type of waste. Use and disposal processes generally include: recycling, burying in a appropriate landfill, further incineration, or biodegradation through land application or other processes to reclaim nutrients or other useful products. He concluded that collecting, transporting, processing and disposing waste material known as waste management. The aim is to clean up the surrounding environment and see that the waste does not have a detrimental effect on our health. Nowadays waste management has gone a step further and not only plans proper disposal but also attempts to see whether we can reuse and recycle certain materials from certain matter.

This study is all about Household Waste Management in a Swedish Municipality Determinants of Waste Disposal, Recycling and Composting (Helen Baterlings and Thomas Sterner). In 1994, Varberg introduced a weigh based billing system for household waste charging 1 kg of waste at the same time recycling centers were set up and a green shopping campaign was launched. This led to a significant reduction in waste collected and increased recycling. This study had access to actual measured data on waste disposal at the household level for a residential area called Tvaaker, in addition to survey data for the same household. This makes it possible to carry out a more reliable and more detailed analysis than has been previously possible, particularly with respect to attitudinal variables. The most important determinants of each individual households waste were composting of kitchen waste, living area, age and attitudes concerning the difficulty of recycling various materials. Separate sections look at composting behavior at willingness to pay for sound waste management and for the sake of comparison three other municipalities are also studied. The main finding is that economic incentives, although important, are not the only driving force behind the observed reduction in municipal waste: Given the proper infrastructure that facilities recycling, people are willing to invest more time than can be motivated purely by savings on their waste management bill.

This study also is similar to the study presented above this context it states that the industrial Waste Management in Hanoi, Vietnam (Angela Lynn Palladino).For over a decade ,the Vietnamese government has been promoting economic growth and its economy has been rapidly growing, Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam and second largest city, has been experiencing much of this growth .Given existing pollution problems, financial constraints and increasing urbanization and industrialization ,industrial waste management has become an important and presenting issue for the city. In light of this, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overall understanding of industrial waste management in Hanoi, to identify industrial waste management issues and problems and to provide a preliminary assessment of industrial waste minimization activities in industry located in the city. The methodology for this paper followed a three-fold approach. It involved: 1.) Reviewing Vietnamese literature and government reports (literature review) 2.) Consulting key government personal and non-governmental organizations (non-corporate interviews), and 3.) Formally interviewing a small number of medium to large scale industrial enterprises located in the Thuong Dinh Industrial Zone,Hanoi (corporate survey).Results from the corporate survey serve as a case study of industrial waste management in Hanoi and are used to illustrate issues and concerns regarding industrial waste minimization in the capital city. In this paper, Hanoi’s industrial waste system is traced from generation, recovery, collection and disposal, and it is revealed that Hanoi’s industrial waste management issues are much like those experienced in other developing countries. Infrastructure for waste treatment in Hanoi is either absent or of poor quality, industrial factories are old, they rely on outdated equipment and primitive technology and while Vietnam posses a rather comprehensive set of environmental regulations, environmental inspection and monitoring is weak. As in other developing countries, institutional barriers are at the heart Hanoi’s industrial waste management issues and thus it is suggested, along with other recommendations, that Hanoi take steps to strengthen the city’s institutional capacity.

Majumdar and Roberts found out that randomized controlled trial compared effectiveness of self-directed learning (SDL) and faculty directed, demonstration –return demonstration learning (DRD) for psychomotor clinical nursing skills and level of knowledge of second year baccalaureate nursing students. The self directed learning approach of a university was compared to a community college’s approach of tutor demonstration student return demonstration for students from the university. Data were collected using questionnaires measuring academic outcomes after the student were exposed to the different learning approaches. The data were compared for differences in grades in an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). Findings indicated that students perceived there were differences in the learning process, however there were no differences of interest in most of the academic outcomes. While students did not differ on the total OSCE grade, students using the SDL, method received higher grades in only one of the marker stations and students using the DRD method received higher grades in only one marker and one observer station. The group of students receiving the DRD method indicated that they were given enough help from faculty were allowed sufficient practice time and expected that the SDL method would be more stressful. 30.8% of the students in the SDL group recommended their learning method to future second year students, while 100% of the DRD group recommended the DRD method. Although the outcome appeared not to differ, more students indicated satisfaction with the faculty directed (DRD) approach. Healthcare waste performance in health centers are measured with respect to the profile of the respondents, a study on knowledge. Attitude and practices on Healthcare waste in India revealed that, respondents previous education, do not have direct relation to the employees healthcare waste practices in the hospital (Saini, Nagarajan, Sarma, 2005). Accordingly, training and other short course education on hospital waste management contribute much to the attitudes and practices of the employees as revealed in the study made by Khajuria and Kumar in 2001.

Waste management has always been a delegated responsibility undertaken or behalf of the public by authorities, industry and specialist waste management contractors. The lack of sense of ownership of waste, not least household waste, coupled with the perceived failure of the delegated parties to the regulation and practice of waste management. (Environmental Impact Assessment for Waste Treatment and Disposal Facilities, 1994)

In the Philippines, hospitals are getting more aware of the impact of health care waste to the people and the community. In 2000 alone, an Asian Development Bank study revealed that approximately 2.4 milloin tons of toxic and hazardous waste were generated. Hospitals contributed 10,293 tons of health care waste, less that 1% of the total volume of waste. In Metro Manila alone, it was estimated in 2003 that 47 tons of health care waste were generated daily, of which 27 tons are infectious waste (Asian Development Bank, 2003). Furthermore, a study made by Metropolitan Manila Development Authority in 200, revealed that waste almost doubled to 17 tons per day in a 2001 study commissioned by the Japan International Corporation Agency (JICA), and a 27 tons a day in 2003 (Asian Development Bank, 2003). The World Health Organizations has estimated that, based on population projections, local healthcare waste could reach as much as 69.5 tons per day by 2050 (World Health Organization, 2004)

A healthcare waste generation study by DOH has revealed that there are about 2,068 hospitals in the Philippines, including 71 hospitals under the DOH, which generates about 28 tons per day (DENR-DOH, 2005) Each category of waste does have different level of compliance as of this writing color-coding standards has been stipulated by the DENR-DOH Guidelines on Hospital Waste Management. Accordingly, all hospitals must follow the standard color-coding on healthcare waste management as suggested by the World Health Organization (DENR-DOH, 2005). A particular study made by Collado et. Al (2005), on biodegradable healthcare waste in Southern Philippines Medical Center, said that all categories of healthcare waste, the general waste is the most convenient waste to handle and disposal at 85% of the total daily average volume. These waste were sent to a shredding machine and converted to organic fertilizers,which in return became a source of income used to purchase other healthcare waste supplies. disposal of non0biodegradable waste on the other hand have been longed practiced by most hospitals in the Philippines .In the survey profiling conducted by the World health Organization (WHO0 in 2005 on the Environmental health Country Profile ,it revealed that 42 percent of the general waste is recyclable and can be turned into profit (Benavidez,2005) as practiced not only by hospitals but by the residents of Panay, Iloilo City, Philippines, which became the Pilot Area for waste to energy conversion for South East Asia.

Health care waste includes all the waste includes all the waste generated by health care establishments like hospitals, medical, veterinary, dental, maternity, and lying in clinics, laboratories, dialysis centers, mortuaries ,autopsies, nursing homes, animal research and testing ,blood banks, research institutions, drug manufacturers and educational institutions ( Fernandez 2007).

Health Care Waste are among the hazardous waste being closely monitored by the Philippine Government .The Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the Department of health issued a joint administrative order establishing the proper policies and guidelines on effective and proper handling, collection, transfort, treatment, storage and disposal of health care waste called the Joint DENR-DOH administrative Order No.02 Series of 2005.

In a presentation made by Dr. Milagros L. Fernandez, Undersecretary Department of Health, exposure to hazardous health care waste can result in disease injury. This is so since health care waste contains pathological and infectious agents further presented that all individuals exposed to hazardous health care waste potentially at risk. These include medical doctors, nurses, health care auxiliary’s hospital maintenance personnel and utility workers in laundries, waste handling disposal facilities methods. Hence, World Health Organization issued structures for health care waste management worldwide. It stresses the importance of making certain that the curricula of medical and paramedical staff include this important public issue. It is highly recommended that when a new staff member is engaged, safe management of health care waste was included in the contract and made fully aware of importance of health care management. Supervision on regular basis of the practices of the staff to make use that health care waste is properly managed on the long term. Ongoing training and awareness sessions keep practices of health care waste management in best standards possible.

Moreover, World Health Organization emphasized that to be effective in the development of awareness and protective measures for the health care facility staff and the environment, the health care waste management policy has to be applied carefully, consistently and universally. The overall aim of training is to develop awareness of the health, safety and environmental issues relating to health care waste management.

The Department of Health and Department of Environment and Natural Resources acknowledged training as essential tool to develop awareness on health care waste management. That is why developing training programs on health care waste management is one of the responsibilities of the Department of Health as outlined in the Joint DENR-DOH Administrative Order No. 2.

Great care should be taken when handling health care waste. The most important risks are linked with the injuries that sharps can produce. Poorly managed exposed health care workers, waste handlers and community to infections. The result of world Health Organization assessment in 2002,conducted in 22 developing countries showed that the proportion of health care facilities do not use proper waste disposal.

According to Baker (2005), landfills account for the disposal of 90% of the United States’ solid wastes. It is also the most common disposal method in the United Kingdom where annually, approximately 111 million tones of controlled wastes are disposed in their 4000 landfill sites. In a modern landfill, refuse is spread thin, compacted layers covered by a layer of clean earth. Pollution of surface water and groundwater is minimized by lining and contouring the fill, compacting and planting the uppermost cover layer, diverting drainage, and selecting proper soil in sites not subject to flooding or high groundwater levels.

Bassis (2005), landfills can also be shifted to another use after their capacities have been reached. The city of Evanston, Illinois, built a landfill up into a hill and the now-complete “Mt. Trashmore” is a ski area. Golf courses built over land fill sites are also increasingly common. Recycling or the 3R’s another method which sets off before waste disposal is waste reduction through recycling or often coined as the 3 R’s: reuse, reduce, and recycle.

Montgomery (2000) stated that reducing garbage or wastes is accomplished through these methods by source segregation and subsequent material and subsequent material recovery. Currently, the United States recycles about 10% of its glass and 25%of its paper wastes; in countries such as Switzerland and the Netherlands, the proportion in the glass recycled approaches to 50% while Japan recycles 50%of its paper wastes.

According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (2009), some countries, on the other hand, manage most of their solid waste through incinerators. Incineration, or the controlled burning of waste at high temperatures to produce steam and ash, is another waste disposal option and an alternative to land filling. Incinerators are designed for the destruction of wastes and are commonly employed in developed nations who could afford the costs of the burning facilities, plus its operation and maintenance (Cracken, 2005). In addition, Baker (2005) said that incinerators’ type of waste disposal is the second largest disposal method in most developed countries and ranks next to landfills in the United States and the United Kingdom. In the UK, approximately 5% of household waste, 75 % of commercial waste and 2% of industrial waste is disposed of through this method. In spite of its huge capital requirement, incineration presents to be a promising option for developed island nations whose small land area makeslandfilling an unsuitable method for their waste disposal.

According to the World Bank (2009), waste management in developing countries although largely limited in terms of budget and technology as compared to the developed nations, developing countries also take their share in implementing waste management policies. In developing countries, it is common for municipalities to spend 20-50 percent of their available recurrent budget on solid waste management. Yet, it is also common that 30-60 percent of all the urban solid waste in developing countries is uncollected and less than 50 percent of the population is served.

McCall (2006) stated that with the increase of population comes too the increase in consumption, and consequently, in the amount of wastes it generate. Through time, problems resulting from improper and irresponsible management of our wastes have arisen and continue to do so. Human and ecosystem health can be adversely affected by all forms of waste, from its generation to its disposal. Over the years, wastes and waste management responses such as policies, legal, financial, and institutional instruments; cradle-to-cradle or cradle-to-grave technological options; and socio-cultural practices have impacted on ecosystem health and human well-being.

According to Patel (2008), waste management is an important part of the urban infrastructure as it ensures the protection of the environment and of human health. It is not only a technical environmental issue but also a highly political one. Waste management is closely related to a number of issues such as urban lifestyles, resource consumption patterns, jobs and income levels, and other socio-economic and cultural factors. Waste prevention and minimization has positive environmental, human health and safety, and economic impacts. Implementing a "less is better" concept provides better protection of human health and safety by reducing exposures, generating less demand for disposal on the environment.

Waste Handling. Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries and regions. Domestic waste collection services are often provided by local government authorities, or by private companies in the industry. Some areas, especially those in less developed countries, do not have a formal waste-collection system. Examples of waste handling systems include:
In Europe and a few other places around the world, a few communities use a proprietary collection system known as Envac, which conveys refuse via underground conduits using a vacuum system. Other vacuum-based solutions include the Metro Taifun single-line and ring-line systems.

In Canadian urban centers curbside collection is the most common method of disposal, whereby the city collects waste and/or recyclables and/or organics on a scheduled basis. In rural areas people often dispose of their waste by hauling it to a transfer station. Waste collected is then transported to a regional landfill.

In Taipei, the city government charges its households and industries for the volume of rubbish they produce. Waste will only be collected by the city council if waste is disposed in government issued rubbish bags. This policy has successfully reduced the amount of waste the city produces and increased the recycling rate.

In Israel, the Arrow Ecology company has developed the Arrow Bio system, which takes trash directly from collection trucks and separates organic and inorganic materials through gravitational settling, screening, and hydro-mechanical shredding. The system is capable of sorting huge volumes of solid waste, salvaging recyclables, and turning the rest into biogas and rich agricultural compost. The system is used in California, Australia, Greece, Mexico, the United Kingdom and in Israel. For example, an Arrow Bio plant that has been operational at the Hiriya landfill site since December 2003 serves the Tel Aviv area, and processes up to 150 tons of garbage a day.

While waste transport within a given country falls under national regulations, trans-boundary movement of waste is often subject to international treaties. A major concern to many countries in the world has been hazardous waste. The Basel Convention, ratified by 172 countries, deprecates movement of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries. The provisions of the Basel convention have been integrated into the EU waste shipment regulation. Nuclear waste, although considered hazardous, does not fall under the jurisdiction of the Basel Convention.

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Presented in this chapter are the discussions on the research design, the procedure in conducting and identifying the respondents, the instrument used and the statistical tools employed.

Research Design

This study used descriptive-comparative method. According to Deci (2005), this method measures the perceptions, conditions, relationships that exists, practices that prevail, beliefs, processes that are going on, effects that are being felt, or trends that are developing and how variable varies with another that is, to have similar relative positions. In this view, the descriptive-comparative method would be an appropriate research design that are employed in the study to determine the level of compliance among student nurses of Brokenshire College in proper garbage disposal.

Sampling

The respondents of this study were 97 student nurses of Brokenshire College of Davao who are officially enrolled during First Semester Class 2013. The researchers are using Stratified Random Sampling in which 50 percent in every year level that is randomly selected.

Instrument

The instrument used by the researchers during the conduct of the survey is a researcher-made survey questionnaire. The questionnaire is consisted of two (2) parts. The first part is the profile of the respondents while the second part is consisted of five (5) questions for each indicator of the dependent variable. In evaluating the level of compliance of student nurses on the proper garbage disposal, the following scale is used:

Range of Means Description Interpretation

4.00 – 5.00 Always Respondents always complies and practices the proper garbage disposal.

3.00 – 3.99 Sometimes Respondents sometimes complies and practices the proper garbage disposal.

2.00 – 2.99 Seldom Respondents seldom complies and practices the proper garbage disposal.

1.00 – 1.99 Never Respondents never complies and practices the proper garbage disposal.

Data-Gathering Procedure The following steps are followed in the conduct of the study: Asking Permission to Conduct the Survey. The researchers would ask permission, through a formal letter duly noted by its research adviser, to the Dean of College of Nursing, to conduct the study, particularly in the distribution of self-constructed questionnaires. Distribution of Questionnaires. After getting the necessary permission, the researchers would distribute the researcher-made survey questionnaires to randomly selected respondents. Collation and Tabulation of Data. The researchers would retrieve the researcher-made survey questionnaires and tabulate all the data that are subjected to statistical analysis with the guidance of the statistician. The results are analyzed and interpreted based on the statement of the problem of the study.

Data Analysis

The following statistical tools that are used in the computation of data testing the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. Frequency and Percentage are used to analyze the profile of the respondents. Average Weighted Mean is used to determine the level of compliance of the respondents on the proper garbage disposal. ANOVA & T-test are utilized to determine the significant difference on the level of compliance on proper garbage disposal when analyzed by the respondent’s demographic profile.

Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter includes presentation, analysis and interpretation of findings drawn from the study. The discussion in this chapter is presented and arranged according to the statement of the research problem. The data and information were gathered through the survey conducted at Brokenshire College and 97 respondents from 3rd year and 4th year student nurses were randomly selected at answer questionnaire. The students were to answer the questionnaire containing items regarding the” Level of Compliance of Student Nurses in Proper Garbage Disposal”.
Table 1 Frequency Distribution of 97 Respondents Profile
| | |Frequency |Percent |
|Age |17-21 years old |80 |82.47% |
| |22-26 years old |15 |15.46% |
| |27 years old and above |2 |2.06% |
| |Total |97 |100.0% |
|Gender |Male |19 |19.6% |
| |Female |78 |80.4% |
| |Total |97 |100.% |
|Year Level |3rd Year |23 |23.7 |
| |4th Year |74 |76.3% |
| |Total |97 |100.0% |

As shown in Table 1, the column encloses age, gender, and year level of the respondents. The second and third column is the frequency and percentage per age, gender and year level. As shown in table 1.1 that out of 97 respondents, 80 respondents or 82.47% of the total respondents belong to ages 17 to 21 years old. 15 of the respondents or 15.46% belong to ages 22 to 26 years old, 2 of the respondents or 2.06% belongs to ages 27 years old and above. According to gender, 19 of the respondents or 19.6% of the total respondents are male and 80.4% or 78 respondents are female. According to year level, 23 of the respondents or 23.7% of the total respondents are 3rd year level and 74 of the respondents or 76.3% are 4th year level. This data clearly shows that the nursing course is mostly dominated by females. The highest respondents are mostly in the 4th year level. The distribution of the respondents according to age can be considered within the normal school age (17-21 years old) of a student taking a 4-year course.

|Table 2.1 Frequency Distribution of Garbage Segregation and Recycling of 79 Respondents |
| |N |Mean |Std. Deviation |Descriptive |
| | | | |Interpretation |
|Throws garbage / waste according to biodegradable and non-biodegradable.|97 |3.19 |.60 |Sometimes |
|Keeps recyclable materials for future use such as syringe, medicine |97 |2.73 |.92 |Seldom |
|bottles and medicine boxes. | | | | |
|Covers tightly garbage bins for avoidance of contamination. |97 |3.20 |.73 |Sometimes |
|Recycles plastics and other materials for environmental protection. |97 |2.91 |.81 |Seldom |
|Separates organic and inorganic wastes. |97 |2.88 |.70 |Seldom |
|Segregates hazardous wastes from ordinary wastes to avoid contamination.|97 |3.29 |.75 |Sometimes |
|Properly label type of garbage in containers for references. |97 |2.90 |.82 |Seldom |
|Practices composting and other recycling processes. |97 |2.80 |.80 |Seldom |
|Separates needles from syringe before throwing after use. |97 |3.69 |.60 |Sometimes |
|Separates wet garbage from dry such as diapers and sanitary napkins. |97 |3.26 |.73 |Sometimes |
|garbage segregation mean |97 |3.08 |.48 |Sometimes |
|Valid N (list wise) |97 | | | |

Legend: 4.00-5.00 – Always, 3.00-3.99 – Sometimes, 2.00-2.99 – Seldom, 1.00-1.99 – Never As reflected on Table 2.1, 10 items were rated by the respondents to reveal the respondent’s compliance on garbage segregation and recycling. It clearly shows that the item number 9 or “separates needles from syringe before throwing after use” is sometimes applied in the clinical area where the highest mean rated by the respondents with the mean of 3.69 while the item number 2 or “keeps recyclable materials for future use such as syringe, medicine bottles and medicine boxes” is seldom applied in the clinical area where least rated by the respondents with the mean of 2.73.

Table 2.2 Frequency Distribution of Garbage Handling and Disposal of 97 Respondents

| |N |Mean |Std. Deviation | |
| | | | |Descriptive |
| | | | |Interpretation |
|Handles wastes with caution. |97 |3.49 |.66 |Sometimes |
|Separates wastes to avoid contamination. |97 |3.40 |.72 |Sometimes |
|Disposes immediate wastes to avoid accumulation. |97 |3.38 |.67 |Sometimes |
|Regularly cleans garbage bins to avoid unwanted odor. |97 |3.14 |.87 |Sometimes |
|Handles garbage correctly by tightly sealing garbage bags / |97 |3.29 |.70 |Sometimes |
|bins. | | | | |
|Avoidance of dumping of wastes except on places provided for. |97 |3.32 |.63 |Sometimes |
|Properly disposes garbage producing bad odors immediately. |97 |3.50 |.63 |Sometimes |
|Properly seals garbage containers to prevent bad odors from |97 |3.45 |.68 |Sometimes |
|coming out. | | | | |
|garbage handling mean |97 |3.37 |.49 |Sometimes |
|Valid N (list wise) |97 | | | |

Legend: 4.00-5.00 – Always, 3.00-3.99 – Sometimes, 2.00-2.99 – Seldom, 1.00-1.99 – Never

As reflected on Table 2.2, 8 items were rated by the respondents to reveal the respondents compliance on garbage disposal and handling. It clearly shows that the item number 7 or “properly disposes garbage producing bad odors immediately” is sometimes applied in the clinical area where the highest mean rated by the respondents with the mean of 3.50 while the item number 4 or “regularly cleans garbage bins to avoid unwanted odor” is sometimes applied in the clinical area where least rated by the respondents with the mean of 3.14.

Table 3 Standard Deviation of the level of compliance of the respondents in proper garbage disposal by gender

| Gender |N |Mean |Std. |T |P-Value |Description |
| | | |Deviation | | | |
|Garbage Segregation Mean Male |19 |3.13 |.60 |.49 |.63 |Not Significant |
|Female |78 |3.07 |.45 | | | |
|Garbage Handling Mean Male |19 |3.42 |.46 |.40 |.69 |Not Significant |
|Female |78 |3.36 |.50 | | | |

The table shows that there is no significant difference in gender between male and female. The p-value shows that both genders, male and female, are complying garbage handling and disposal and garbage segregation and recycling in clinical areas.

Table 4 Standard Deviation of the level of compliance of respondents in proper garbage disposal by year level
| Level |N |Mean |Std. Deviation|T |P-Value |Description |
|Garbage Segregation Mean 3rd Year |23 |3.01 |.68 |.49 |.63 |Not Significant |
|4th Year |74 |3.11 |.40 | | | |
|Garbage Handling Mean 3rd Year |23 |3.46 |.59 |.40 |.69 |Not Significant |
|4th Year |74 |3.35 |.46 | | | |

The table shows that there is no significant difference between the year levels compliance on proper waste disposal. The p-value shows that both year levels, 3rd year and 4th year, are complying garbage handling and disposal and garbage segregation and recycling in clinical areas.

Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This study was conducted to determine the level of compliance of student nurses on proper garbage disposal. It sought to find out the profile of the respondents in terms of their age, gender and year level to determine if there is a significant difference in their compliance when analyzed according to their profile. The sample of the study was composed of 97 respondents and was identified through probability sampling called stratified random sampling technique. The study utilizes the descriptive-comparative method type of research design. The research instrument used to gather the necessary data was the researcher made survey questionnaire type. It composed of the profile (Age, Gender and Year Level) and questions that has been answered and checked by the respondent that corresponds to their desired answer. To meet the objective of the study, ANOVA & T-test were used in order to determine the significant difference on the level of compliance on proper garbage disposal when analyzed by the respondent’s demographic profile. To determine the level of compliance of the respondents on the proper garbage disposal average weighted mean was used. Frequency and percentage, was used to analyze the profile of the respondents.

Conclusion

From the findings derived from the study, the researchers formulated the following conclusions: The nursing course is mostly dominated by females and most of the student nurses belong to ages 17 to 21 years old and mostly in the level four. In proper garbage disposal, the student nurses had a proper compliance in garbage segregation and recycling and garbage handling and disposal. In terms of their application of these compliance, generally, they are sometimes (complies and practices the proper garbage disposal) applied in the clinical are. The age were not affected the level of compliance of student nurses with regards on proper garbage disposal. However, the gender affected the compliance of proper garbage disposal of student nurses wherein males (3.13) has a higher mean than females (3.07). On the other hand, the age and gender differences do not affected the compliance on proper garbage disposal. In terms of the difference on the application of compliance on proper garbage disposal in terms of complying garbage segregation and recycling, and garbage handling and disposal those who have failing scores in the test of the level of compliance on proper garbage are those who often applied in the clinical area than those who have passing scores.

Recommendation

Based on the findings and conclusion of the study the researchers present the following recommendations: 1. The respondents should continue to improve their compliance in clinical areas. 2. The administrators to provide more extensive seminars and simulation regarding in proper garbage disposal. This is one way of increasing their competency levels in applying compliance in the clinical area. 3. To future researchers who would like to conduct further research on this study are encouraged to obtain more reliable, essential and new theories from the latest articles and journals related to this study. We would also recommend them to revise the questionnaire especially the questions in knowledge test in a format wherein the respondents can rate their own self according to the statements given. 4. The researchers would like to recommend to also including in the study the compliance of the respondents on proper garbage disposal as perceive by the clinical instructor.

References:

Baker, S.M. (2000). Waster Management Handling. Environmental education: Promise and performance”, Canadian Journal of Environmental Education 3:3, pp. 9–26.
Bilitweski, M.N., Botzler, R.G. and S. J Armstrong (2009). “Environmental Ethics: Divergence and Convergence”, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.

Cliff, M. (2003). Policy, Laws, and Responses to Environmental Issues. Development Experience: Change and Challenges”, INTAN. V.2.

Cracken, D.B. (2005). Proper Garbage Disposal and Handling., Mensell Publishing Limited, New York. p. 34.

China Daily (2010). “Environmental Perspectives and Behavior in China: Synopsis and
Bibliography”, Environment and Behavior, 38:1.

Deci, M. (2005). Research Methodologies. Understanding Research: Coping with the Quantitative-Qualitative Divide. London and New York: Routledge.

Etzioni, R.B. (1997). Compliance Theory: A Goal Framing Approach. London School of Economics & Political Science. pp. 14-15.

Eikmann, W., Worsley, A. and Skrzypiec, G., (2000). “Environmental attitudes of senior secondary school studentsa”, Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 8:3, pp.209–225.

Hoornweg, R. (2012). “Environmental Awareness and Attitudes of Student Teachers: An
Empirical Research”, International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education. Pp. 12-20.

McCall, A. (2006). “Environmentalism: The Relation of Environmental Attitudes and
Environmentally Responsible Behaviors among Undergraduate Students”, Bulletin of Science Technology Society 19:5.

Perez, M., (2011). Problems in the Philippines. Waste Management. Philippine Journal. V. xi. P. 2

Palma, S. (2012). "No segregation, no collection" policy. Mindanao Daily Mirror.

Patel, V. (2008). Handbook of Solid Waste Management, McGraw Hill. xii.p.5

Smith, H., (2000). “The effect of environmental education instruction on students”, Science Education 66:5, pp. 690–692.
Jawed Ali Khan (2006) “Hospital Waste Management Issues and Steps taken by Government and Pakistan” p 4.

LEVEL OF COMPLIANCE OF STUDENT NURSES
IN PROPER GARBAGE DISPOSAL

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Sir / Ma’am:

Good day!

You are invited to participate in our data gathering as part of our Research Paper entitled: “Level of Compliance of Student Nurses in Proper Garbage Disposal.”

Rest assured that the data gathered will be kept strictly confidential and will solely be used for the purpose of this study.

Thank you very much for you time and support.

Very truly yours,

The Researchers

I. Demographic Profile:

Age: ______________

Gender: Male Female

Year Level:

3rd Year 4th Year

II. Instruction: Please answer the following questions as honestly as possible. Mark a ( √ ) on the box of your choice. Please choose one answer for each of the items displayed.

Numerical Scale Description

4 Always 3 Sometimes 2 Seldom 1 Never

|Item |4 |3 |2 |1 |
|Garbage Segregation and Recycling | | | | |
|1. Throws garbage / waste according to biodegradable and non-biodegradable. | | | | |
|2. Keeps recyclable materials for future use such as syringe, medicine bottles and medicine boxes. | | | | |
|3. Covers tightly garbage bins for avoidance of contamination. | | | | |
|4. Recycles plastics and other materials for environmental protection. | | | | |
|5. Separates organic and inorganic wastes. | | | | |
|6. Segregates hazardous wastes from ordinary wastes to avoid contamination. | | | | |
|7. Properly label type of garbage in containers for references. | | | | |
|8. Practices composting and other recycling processes. | | | | |
|9. Separates needles from syringe before throwing after use. | | | | |
|10. Separates wet garbage from dry such as diapers and sanitary napkins. | | | | |
| | | | | |
|Garbage Handling and Disposal | | | | |
|1. Handles wastes with caution. | | | | |
|2. Separates wastes to avoid contamination. | | | | |
|3. Disposes immediate wastes to avoid accumulation. | | | | |
|4. Regularly cleans garbage bins to avoid unwanted odor. | | | | |
|5. Handles garbage correctly by tightly sealing garbage bags / bins. | | | | |
|6. Avoidance of dumping of wastes except on places provided for. | | | | |
|7. Properly disposes garbage producing bad odors immediately. | | | | |
|8. Properly seals garbage containers to prevent bad odors from coming out. | | | | |

-----------------------

Profile:

Age

Gender

Year Level

Compliance in Proper Garbage Disposal

➢ Garbage Segregation and Recycling

➢ Garbage Disposal and Handling

➢

References: Baker, S.M. (2000). Waster Management Handling. Environmental education: Promise and performance”, Canadian Journal of Environmental Education 3:3, pp. 9–26. Bilitweski, M.N., Botzler, R.G. and S. J Armstrong (2009). “Environmental Ethics: Divergence and Convergence”, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York. Cliff, M. (2003). Policy, Laws, and Responses to Environmental Issues. Development Experience: Change and Challenges”, INTAN. V.2. Cracken, D.B. (2005). Proper Garbage Disposal and Handling., Mensell Publishing Limited, New York. p. 34. China Daily (2010). “Environmental Perspectives and Behavior in China: Synopsis and Bibliography”, Environment and Behavior, 38:1. Deci, M. (2005). Research Methodologies.  Understanding Research: Coping with the Quantitative-Qualitative Divide. London and New York: Routledge. Etzioni, R.B. (1997). Compliance Theory: A Goal Framing Approach. London School of Economics & Political Science. pp. 14-15. Eikmann, W., Worsley, A. and Skrzypiec, G., (2000). “Environmental attitudes of senior secondary school studentsa”, Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 8:3, pp.209–225. Hoornweg, R. (2012). “Environmental Awareness and Attitudes of Student Teachers: An Empirical Research”, International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education McCall, A. (2006). “Environmentalism: The Relation of Environmental Attitudes and Environmentally Responsible Behaviors among Undergraduate Students”, Bulletin of Science Technology Society 19:5. Perez, M., (2011). Problems in the Philippines. Waste Management. Philippine Journal. V. xi. P. 2 Palma, S Patel, V. (2008). Handbook of Solid Waste Management, McGraw Hill. xii.p.5 Smith, H., (2000) Jawed Ali Khan (2006) “Hospital Waste Management Issues and Steps taken by Government and Pakistan” p 4.