Life Sciences
iences ife Sc L
Guide Study
12
Grade
© Department of Basic Education 2012
s fe Science Li e Study Guid
12
Grade
© Department of Basic Education 2012
First published by the Department of Basic Education in 2012 222 Struben Street, Pretoria South Africa enquiries Office of the Director General Mr P.B. Soobrayan Email: njobe.p@dbe.gov.za Email: whittle.g@dbe.gov.za Tel: (012) 357 4010 Fax: (012) 323 5837 http://www.education.gov.za Call Centre: 0800202933 Copyright ©Department of Basic Education ISBN 978-0-621-40906-2 All rights reserved. You may copy material from this publication for use in non-profit education programmes if you acknowledge the source. For use in publications, please obtain the written permission of the Department of Basic Education. this publication is not for sale. Mind the Gap production team Production manager: Dr Patricia Watson Authors: Alfie Bouwer, Sivalingam Chetty, Marlena Ford, Jean Goliath, Gayle Lombard, Gonasagren Pillay and Ronel Pretorius expert readers: Esther Makhanywa, Kanthan Naidoo, Christina Nono and Susan Wiese editors: Julia Grey and Reneé Ferreira designers: Alicia Arntzen, Nomalizo Ngwenya and Philisiwe Nkosi Study skills: Margie Karnasopoulos illustrators: Bié Venter, Stephan Theron Cover illustration: Alastair Findlay
© Department of Basic Education 2012
Ministerial foreword
The Department of Basic Education has pleasure in releasing the series called Mind the Gap study guides for Grade 12 learners. The first subjects in the series include Life Sciences, Accounting, Economics and Geography. These study guides are another innovative and committed attempt by the Department of Basic Education to improve the academic performance of Grade 12 candidates in the National Senior Certificate (NSC) examination. The Mind the Gap study guide series is produced in both English and Afrikaans to assist those learners that have been underperforming due to a lack of exposure to the content requirements of the curriculum. The
Guide Study
12
Grade
© Department of Basic Education 2012
s fe Science Li e Study Guid
12
Grade
© Department of Basic Education 2012
First published by the Department of Basic Education in 2012 222 Struben Street, Pretoria South Africa enquiries Office of the Director General Mr P.B. Soobrayan Email: njobe.p@dbe.gov.za Email: whittle.g@dbe.gov.za Tel: (012) 357 4010 Fax: (012) 323 5837 http://www.education.gov.za Call Centre: 0800202933 Copyright ©Department of Basic Education ISBN 978-0-621-40906-2 All rights reserved. You may copy material from this publication for use in non-profit education programmes if you acknowledge the source. For use in publications, please obtain the written permission of the Department of Basic Education. this publication is not for sale. Mind the Gap production team Production manager: Dr Patricia Watson Authors: Alfie Bouwer, Sivalingam Chetty, Marlena Ford, Jean Goliath, Gayle Lombard, Gonasagren Pillay and Ronel Pretorius expert readers: Esther Makhanywa, Kanthan Naidoo, Christina Nono and Susan Wiese editors: Julia Grey and Reneé Ferreira designers: Alicia Arntzen, Nomalizo Ngwenya and Philisiwe Nkosi Study skills: Margie Karnasopoulos illustrators: Bié Venter, Stephan Theron Cover illustration: Alastair Findlay
© Department of Basic Education 2012
Ministerial foreword
The Department of Basic Education has pleasure in releasing the series called Mind the Gap study guides for Grade 12 learners. The first subjects in the series include Life Sciences, Accounting, Economics and Geography. These study guides are another innovative and committed attempt by the Department of Basic Education to improve the academic performance of Grade 12 candidates in the National Senior Certificate (NSC) examination. The Mind the Gap study guide series is produced in both English and Afrikaans to assist those learners that have been underperforming due to a lack of exposure to the content requirements of the curriculum. The