Literary Comparison: A Worn Path
Literary Comparison
Student Name
ENG 125
Instructor
Date
Literary Comparison
Whether reading a short story or a poem, there is always a story to be found within. The authors of these scripts are able to capture readers with the utilization of characterization, rhythm, or a fairytale setting throughout their narrative. It is imagination that sanctions the readers of these literary forms to be able to mentally visualize what the author would like the reader to visually perceive by use of symbolism or descriptive wording. In the poem “The Road Not Taken” or short stories “Used to Live Here Once” or “A Worn Path” – There is a prevalent theme. No matter what solitary journey we find ourselves on, ‘we’ determine how …show more content…
the journey ends.
The solitary journey that each of these literary pieces share is presented differently in each reciting. Robert Frost designed “The Road Not Taken” with specific designs in the narrative that revealed for me as the reader that there was a forthcoming journey. Frost also utilized the word “I” many times, which sanctioned me to imagine him alone. Comparative to this example let us compare “A Worn Path” where Welty utilized the word “she” throughout the writing piece. The linguistic choice inspired my imagination to visualize a woman walking alone. This visualization was reinforced in other places of the writing when the character spoke to animals to get out of her way: “Out of my way, all you foxes, owls, and beetles”. When Welty posed this conversation in the story, it gave me a sense of solitude. The submission that the woman also was walking an uphill path provided the symbolic comparison to a ‘hard life’. Walking uphill for any length of time is exhausting for anyone and when you add the notion of being elderly, it brings pity to this woman walking uphill. Rhys also utilizes the word “she” many times in ‘Used to Live Here Once’. Once again, this presents to a reader that the character is in solitude, for example: “She came to the worn steps” and “She was standing by the river”. In each piece of literature reviewed in this paper, the solitude of each journey varies by the choices that the characters make.
The setting that a short story or poem creates makes a major difference for the engagement of the reader for the overall reading experience. Consider the title of “The Road Not Taken” by itself. Just the title exudes a conflict of where the writing piece may, or may not lead. The first line is “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood” and as a reader I was left wondering where the pathways would lead me. The poem is written with a first person narrative which allows the reader to become the character and see the pathways from his perspective. Frost wrote about one path specifically and shared a perception of “where it bent in the undergrowth” and that the other path seemed “grassy and wanted wear”. This created a vision of wilderness with two paths that differed in appearance; but most likely ended in the same place. This was also interpreted as symbolism, with care for something that was much more immensely colossal.
Symbolism examples are abundant in the same poem. The word “Yellow” was used to describe the two roads as aging or in decay; or maybe it was a reader reference for Dorothy in the play ‘Wizard of Oz’ when she was at the beginning of the Yellow Brick Road and did not know what to do. In another symbolic example, “Two Roads” could be interpreted as two ideas, two dilemmas, and two opportunities, or to a person who is approaching decision–making thoughtfully. But this person is not necessarily Robert Frost. (Clugston, 2010) Frost referred to both paths as “in leaves no step had trodden black”, which is another example of a color being applied for symbolism. ‘Black’ shows symbolism of death. The narrative as crafted reveals him on a current path that observes a new choice as “grassy and seemingly vibrant”, and like the one currently on, holds a future that is unknown. The analysis of the predicament seems as if an alternative pathway appears as enticing, yet also mysterious since he wondered why no one else had come back if they adventured down the path. Eventually the poem takes the reader to a point where a decision is made and instead of being in front of two choices he was in “a wood” in which he had decided to stay “Oh, I kept the first for another day!” I interpreted the understanding of Frost to conclude that the unknown was more exciting than the knowing. The lack of distinction between his two paths could also arguably indicate the resistance to make a decision at all as well.
Moving on to the second literary piece “Used To Live Here Once”, unlike the first literary review there was no mystery or conflict to draw me in as a reader; but rather pity felt because the setting was crafted with sadness. The imagination of a woman “standing by the river” provided the notion that she had been there for so long that she forgot the beauty of the river over time. Though as a reader I dislike sad stories, this literary piece drew me in as the setting moved to her old home. Since the author chose to craft the narrative from a third person prospective it was burdensome to identify with the woman on a personal level. With review of a quote from Rhys: “It was strange to see a car standing in front of it” – The comprehension of a car ‘standing’ in front of her old house was considered bizarre since it was not an actual emotion of the character; but rather an observation of the writer. Though Rhys crafts the narrative from a third person prospective, I suspect that there is a possibility that she was writing about herself from a third person narrative. Elizabeth Able wrote a piece on Jean Rhys citing that Jean’s writings are “repetitive narratives and are variations of themes of failure and rejection” (Abel, 1979). Use of linguistics such as “shyly” solidifies the notion that Abel asserts – maybe Rhys is indeed writing out of a rejection position. Rhys background could provide more insight as to her narrative forms of writing. As Lucy Wilson states, “The question of identity in Jean Rhys’s life and fiction is inextricably bound to the condition of exile that shaped her perceptions and those of her characters.” (para. 1) This becomes noticeable in Rhys statement that the woman makes regarding the children she sees as “Very fair children, as Europeans in the West Indies so often are: as if the white blood is asserting itself against all odds.” (Clugston, 2010)
Rhys use of motif is a repeated pattern throughout this short story. When a theme recurs in a story, it is referred to as the motif. Writers, such as Rhys, often use descriptive detail, dialogue, figurative language, and action to develop the motif. Jean Rhys makes creative use of each of these elements in illustrating the speaker 's efforts to identify with her past life, an important motif in "I Used to Live Here Once." (Clugston, 2010, Ch. 7.4) There were many different symbolic uses in this short story such as the “river” which symbolizes life or rebirth. There were very subtle cues throughout the story that can lead the reader to finally realize that this was an allegorical journey. Rhys explanation of the different stones and how some were unsteady and not safe, but others were, can lead the reader to assume that maybe this is the spot were something happened. Rhys use of symbolism throughout gives the readers a sense that this is not an ordinary journey, but one that has a deeper meaning. As I kept reading I started coming to the conclusion that maybe this woman was a spirit or a ghost and that is why she could not see clearly mentioning “that the sky had a glassy look that she didn 't remember” or haziness that started to loom as she got closer to her old home. However, she did mention that when she was walking on the same road she remembered from before she started feeling extraordinarily happy and stating “It was a fine day, a blue day” this can be symbolic of peacefulness. The reader gets the sense then that some type of transformation has occurred.
The “road” that Rhys describes is symbolic of an experience, which in this case seems to be her realization slowly coming to mind that something was not right.
As Rhys states, “She turned the corner, saw that what had been the old pavé had been taken up, and there too the road was much wider, but it had the same unfinished look.” This gave me the feeling that even though this place was familiar to her at the same time it was different in a way that some things had been changed or displaced. As the woman in the story gets closer and tries calling out to the children playing and they didn’t respond I started to get a chill and started coming to the realization that this was not right. Then the woman tries to reach for the boy who turns and looks at her “His expression didn 't change. He said: "Hasn 't it gone cold all of a sudden. D 'you notice? Let 's go in." Once the boy mentions that it was getting cold this is usually due to paranormal activities and are usually associated with cold and death. It’s at this point that the character discovers the truth and clarity of her experience and also portrays the theme by stating “That was the first time she knew”. (Grecinger, …show more content…
2012)
Rhys story pictures a journey that can be looked at from two different perspectives. It illuminates critical points and patterns in a typical life journey and also contemplates them from beyond time, establishing differences that perspective brings. It’s up to the reader to decide what things are implied as significant and not significant in a life journey. There are two different elements that every short story writer uses to express meaning and those are mainly, theme and symbols. When shaping a review of any piece of literature one must consider that which Litlang Ltda., 2007 states:
“Writers and critics develop at their own pace, and the more precocious are not always the more lasting.
Talented authors commonly write from something buried deep within, from something that is ungraspable but troubling, and which seems not to fit any of the established criteria. Progress in such cases is bound to be slow, and perhaps should be if the issues are being properly addressed. But you 're not working against a stopwatch: you have a lifetime to appreciate the great writers, and to understand what you are attempting yourself.”
You can see this in Rhys’ work and one can appreciate her use of symbolism and theme in this short story and her other works as well. This story can lead you down a winding path of spiritualism. The plot flowed smoothly and the use of symbolism intensified the reader’s reaction to the main character. The setting also created the tone and helped to open you up for what the end theme had to offer. The journey from beginning to end leads the reader and the character to one major conclusion, she is
dead.
Coming to the last and third literary short story is “A Worn Path” by Eudora Welty. Welty uses great in-depth detail that can grab your attention and brings the reader into the story itself. We are led to believe, through the title alone, that this may be a path that the main character has taken many times before, whether it was for religious reasons or something else. The beginning several lines draw the reader into the setting and introduce the main character, who is an old Negro woman on a journey alone, whose name is Phoenix Jackson. Phoenix can be a symbol of renewal and her last name could be from where Welty was born in Jackson, Mississippi. Welty goes into great detail about the woman in which the reader can see that she is a frail, older woman that is having trouble walking “She was very old and small and she walked slowly in the dark pine shadows, moving a little from side to side in her steps, with the balanced heaviness and lightness of a pendulum in a grand-father clock”. (Clugston, 2010, 6.3) The setting and narrative reflects the racial tensions that were heavy in the south and go along with the time in which Welty would have a great impression of this. Welty’s use of detailed seeing is understood and is mostly used in her writing as “natural symbols”. From the article by Harriet Pollack she describes Welty’s use of detail and also answers the question about whether or not her grandson is alive. As Pollack states, “Welty’s effort to clarify is perplexed, impatient, and self-assertive:
“To the question “Is the grandson really dead?” I could reply that it doesn’t make any difference….But my best answer would be: “Phoenix is alive.” (pg. 20, para. 1). While the first two paragraphs are filled with description of the setting and Phoenix, the third paragraph goes into the description of her scaring away a multitude of animals, this shows her determination and how she will not let anything stand in her way. As it goes on you can feel her struggle, not just from the things standing in the way but also the struggle from within. One of lines “Down in the hollow was the mourning dove– it was not too late for him.” In this line the dove could symbolize peace and purity that she may be feeling at this point knowing that if the dove made it, so could she. You can really start to feel her struggle in these several lines:
"Sun so high!" she cried, leaning back and looking, while the thick tears went over her eyes. "The time getting all gone here."
At the foot of this hill was a place where a log was laid across the creek.
"Now comes the trial," said Phoenix.
You can begin to feel the pressure building up and her questioning herself. Her referencing the sun being so high could mean that she is still so far from her destination and that she is already so tired. She goes on to reference a buzzard, bull and snakes that are signs of some type of evil, death or temptation. Later on, after her encounter with the white hunter, she does mention the oak trees; this could also mean that she has come away from that encounter with some type of strength or wisdom that she found within. At the end of the story after Phoenix comes into contact with a multitude of different obstacles, she finally makes it to her destination and you get the sense that everything should be okay.
This paper analyzes three different pieces of literature to help readers understand how reading literature can be an exploratory journey in which important personal insights can be gained. In particular, three insights can be gained through reading the previous pieces that are valuable because they are useful not only in understanding the literature itself, but also because they are valuable in many real life experiences. The specific insights that it is important to make careful decisions regarding our future, sometimes those are choices that we may have no way of knowing about until it is too late, and sometimes though we may be the only ones taking those certain paths, we may be forced to be alone in life’s journey, although it can be an exhausting journey, in the end they were all worth taking. Therefore, these are not just insights that apply to the specific literary instances in which they appear, but that apply to the life journey that we are all a part of.
References
Abel, E. (1979). Women and Schizophrenia: The Fiction of Jean Rhys. Retrieved from Contemporary Literature Web site: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1207964
Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
Grecinger, M. (2012). “I Used to Live Here Once” by Jean Rhys: A Theme Analyzation. Retrieved from HubPages website: http://bryteyedgemini.hubpages.com/hub/SHORTSTORYELEMENTS
Litlang Ltda. (2007). Types of literary criticism. Retrieved from http://www.textetc.com/criticism.html
Pollack, H. (1997). Photographic convention and story composition: Eudora Welty’s use of detail, plot, genre, and expectation from “A Worn Path” through “The Bride of the Innisfallen.” South Central Review, 14(2), 15-34. Retrieved from JSTOR database.
Wilson, L. (24, March 2009) “European or Caribbean: Jean Rhys and the Language of Exile”. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 10.03 (1998): pp. 68-72. JSTOR. EBSCO. Bracken Library. Ball State University. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3346446.
Student Name
ENG 125
Instructor
Date
Literary Comparison
Whether reading a short story or a poem, there is always a story to be found within. The authors of these scripts are able to capture readers with the utilization of characterization, rhythm, or a fairytale setting throughout their narrative. It is imagination that sanctions the readers of these literary forms to be able to mentally visualize what the author would like the reader to visually perceive by use of symbolism or descriptive wording. In the poem “The Road Not Taken” or short stories “Used to Live Here Once” or “A Worn Path” – There is a prevalent theme. No matter what solitary journey we find ourselves on, ‘we’ determine how …show more content…
the journey ends.
The solitary journey that each of these literary pieces share is presented differently in each reciting. Robert Frost designed “The Road Not Taken” with specific designs in the narrative that revealed for me as the reader that there was a forthcoming journey. Frost also utilized the word “I” many times, which sanctioned me to imagine him alone. Comparative to this example let us compare “A Worn Path” where Welty utilized the word “she” throughout the writing piece. The linguistic choice inspired my imagination to visualize a woman walking alone. This visualization was reinforced in other places of the writing when the character spoke to animals to get out of her way: “Out of my way, all you foxes, owls, and beetles”. When Welty posed this conversation in the story, it gave me a sense of solitude. The submission that the woman also was walking an uphill path provided the symbolic comparison to a ‘hard life’. Walking uphill for any length of time is exhausting for anyone and when you add the notion of being elderly, it brings pity to this woman walking uphill. Rhys also utilizes the word “she” many times in ‘Used to Live Here Once’. Once again, this presents to a reader that the character is in solitude, for example: “She came to the worn steps” and “She was standing by the river”. In each piece of literature reviewed in this paper, the solitude of each journey varies by the choices that the characters make.
The setting that a short story or poem creates makes a major difference for the engagement of the reader for the overall reading experience. Consider the title of “The Road Not Taken” by itself. Just the title exudes a conflict of where the writing piece may, or may not lead. The first line is “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood” and as a reader I was left wondering where the pathways would lead me. The poem is written with a first person narrative which allows the reader to become the character and see the pathways from his perspective. Frost wrote about one path specifically and shared a perception of “where it bent in the undergrowth” and that the other path seemed “grassy and wanted wear”. This created a vision of wilderness with two paths that differed in appearance; but most likely ended in the same place. This was also interpreted as symbolism, with care for something that was much more immensely colossal.
Symbolism examples are abundant in the same poem. The word “Yellow” was used to describe the two roads as aging or in decay; or maybe it was a reader reference for Dorothy in the play ‘Wizard of Oz’ when she was at the beginning of the Yellow Brick Road and did not know what to do. In another symbolic example, “Two Roads” could be interpreted as two ideas, two dilemmas, and two opportunities, or to a person who is approaching decision–making thoughtfully. But this person is not necessarily Robert Frost. (Clugston, 2010) Frost referred to both paths as “in leaves no step had trodden black”, which is another example of a color being applied for symbolism. ‘Black’ shows symbolism of death. The narrative as crafted reveals him on a current path that observes a new choice as “grassy and seemingly vibrant”, and like the one currently on, holds a future that is unknown. The analysis of the predicament seems as if an alternative pathway appears as enticing, yet also mysterious since he wondered why no one else had come back if they adventured down the path. Eventually the poem takes the reader to a point where a decision is made and instead of being in front of two choices he was in “a wood” in which he had decided to stay “Oh, I kept the first for another day!” I interpreted the understanding of Frost to conclude that the unknown was more exciting than the knowing. The lack of distinction between his two paths could also arguably indicate the resistance to make a decision at all as well.
Moving on to the second literary piece “Used To Live Here Once”, unlike the first literary review there was no mystery or conflict to draw me in as a reader; but rather pity felt because the setting was crafted with sadness. The imagination of a woman “standing by the river” provided the notion that she had been there for so long that she forgot the beauty of the river over time. Though as a reader I dislike sad stories, this literary piece drew me in as the setting moved to her old home. Since the author chose to craft the narrative from a third person prospective it was burdensome to identify with the woman on a personal level. With review of a quote from Rhys: “It was strange to see a car standing in front of it” – The comprehension of a car ‘standing’ in front of her old house was considered bizarre since it was not an actual emotion of the character; but rather an observation of the writer. Though Rhys crafts the narrative from a third person prospective, I suspect that there is a possibility that she was writing about herself from a third person narrative. Elizabeth Able wrote a piece on Jean Rhys citing that Jean’s writings are “repetitive narratives and are variations of themes of failure and rejection” (Abel, 1979). Use of linguistics such as “shyly” solidifies the notion that Abel asserts – maybe Rhys is indeed writing out of a rejection position. Rhys background could provide more insight as to her narrative forms of writing. As Lucy Wilson states, “The question of identity in Jean Rhys’s life and fiction is inextricably bound to the condition of exile that shaped her perceptions and those of her characters.” (para. 1) This becomes noticeable in Rhys statement that the woman makes regarding the children she sees as “Very fair children, as Europeans in the West Indies so often are: as if the white blood is asserting itself against all odds.” (Clugston, 2010)
Rhys use of motif is a repeated pattern throughout this short story. When a theme recurs in a story, it is referred to as the motif. Writers, such as Rhys, often use descriptive detail, dialogue, figurative language, and action to develop the motif. Jean Rhys makes creative use of each of these elements in illustrating the speaker 's efforts to identify with her past life, an important motif in "I Used to Live Here Once." (Clugston, 2010, Ch. 7.4) There were many different symbolic uses in this short story such as the “river” which symbolizes life or rebirth. There were very subtle cues throughout the story that can lead the reader to finally realize that this was an allegorical journey. Rhys explanation of the different stones and how some were unsteady and not safe, but others were, can lead the reader to assume that maybe this is the spot were something happened. Rhys use of symbolism throughout gives the readers a sense that this is not an ordinary journey, but one that has a deeper meaning. As I kept reading I started coming to the conclusion that maybe this woman was a spirit or a ghost and that is why she could not see clearly mentioning “that the sky had a glassy look that she didn 't remember” or haziness that started to loom as she got closer to her old home. However, she did mention that when she was walking on the same road she remembered from before she started feeling extraordinarily happy and stating “It was a fine day, a blue day” this can be symbolic of peacefulness. The reader gets the sense then that some type of transformation has occurred.
The “road” that Rhys describes is symbolic of an experience, which in this case seems to be her realization slowly coming to mind that something was not right.
As Rhys states, “She turned the corner, saw that what had been the old pavé had been taken up, and there too the road was much wider, but it had the same unfinished look.” This gave me the feeling that even though this place was familiar to her at the same time it was different in a way that some things had been changed or displaced. As the woman in the story gets closer and tries calling out to the children playing and they didn’t respond I started to get a chill and started coming to the realization that this was not right. Then the woman tries to reach for the boy who turns and looks at her “His expression didn 't change. He said: "Hasn 't it gone cold all of a sudden. D 'you notice? Let 's go in." Once the boy mentions that it was getting cold this is usually due to paranormal activities and are usually associated with cold and death. It’s at this point that the character discovers the truth and clarity of her experience and also portrays the theme by stating “That was the first time she knew”. (Grecinger, …show more content…
2012)
Rhys story pictures a journey that can be looked at from two different perspectives. It illuminates critical points and patterns in a typical life journey and also contemplates them from beyond time, establishing differences that perspective brings. It’s up to the reader to decide what things are implied as significant and not significant in a life journey. There are two different elements that every short story writer uses to express meaning and those are mainly, theme and symbols. When shaping a review of any piece of literature one must consider that which Litlang Ltda., 2007 states:
“Writers and critics develop at their own pace, and the more precocious are not always the more lasting.
Talented authors commonly write from something buried deep within, from something that is ungraspable but troubling, and which seems not to fit any of the established criteria. Progress in such cases is bound to be slow, and perhaps should be if the issues are being properly addressed. But you 're not working against a stopwatch: you have a lifetime to appreciate the great writers, and to understand what you are attempting yourself.”
You can see this in Rhys’ work and one can appreciate her use of symbolism and theme in this short story and her other works as well. This story can lead you down a winding path of spiritualism. The plot flowed smoothly and the use of symbolism intensified the reader’s reaction to the main character. The setting also created the tone and helped to open you up for what the end theme had to offer. The journey from beginning to end leads the reader and the character to one major conclusion, she is
dead.
Coming to the last and third literary short story is “A Worn Path” by Eudora Welty. Welty uses great in-depth detail that can grab your attention and brings the reader into the story itself. We are led to believe, through the title alone, that this may be a path that the main character has taken many times before, whether it was for religious reasons or something else. The beginning several lines draw the reader into the setting and introduce the main character, who is an old Negro woman on a journey alone, whose name is Phoenix Jackson. Phoenix can be a symbol of renewal and her last name could be from where Welty was born in Jackson, Mississippi. Welty goes into great detail about the woman in which the reader can see that she is a frail, older woman that is having trouble walking “She was very old and small and she walked slowly in the dark pine shadows, moving a little from side to side in her steps, with the balanced heaviness and lightness of a pendulum in a grand-father clock”. (Clugston, 2010, 6.3) The setting and narrative reflects the racial tensions that were heavy in the south and go along with the time in which Welty would have a great impression of this. Welty’s use of detailed seeing is understood and is mostly used in her writing as “natural symbols”. From the article by Harriet Pollack she describes Welty’s use of detail and also answers the question about whether or not her grandson is alive. As Pollack states, “Welty’s effort to clarify is perplexed, impatient, and self-assertive:
“To the question “Is the grandson really dead?” I could reply that it doesn’t make any difference….But my best answer would be: “Phoenix is alive.” (pg. 20, para. 1). While the first two paragraphs are filled with description of the setting and Phoenix, the third paragraph goes into the description of her scaring away a multitude of animals, this shows her determination and how she will not let anything stand in her way. As it goes on you can feel her struggle, not just from the things standing in the way but also the struggle from within. One of lines “Down in the hollow was the mourning dove– it was not too late for him.” In this line the dove could symbolize peace and purity that she may be feeling at this point knowing that if the dove made it, so could she. You can really start to feel her struggle in these several lines:
"Sun so high!" she cried, leaning back and looking, while the thick tears went over her eyes. "The time getting all gone here."
At the foot of this hill was a place where a log was laid across the creek.
"Now comes the trial," said Phoenix.
You can begin to feel the pressure building up and her questioning herself. Her referencing the sun being so high could mean that she is still so far from her destination and that she is already so tired. She goes on to reference a buzzard, bull and snakes that are signs of some type of evil, death or temptation. Later on, after her encounter with the white hunter, she does mention the oak trees; this could also mean that she has come away from that encounter with some type of strength or wisdom that she found within. At the end of the story after Phoenix comes into contact with a multitude of different obstacles, she finally makes it to her destination and you get the sense that everything should be okay.
This paper analyzes three different pieces of literature to help readers understand how reading literature can be an exploratory journey in which important personal insights can be gained. In particular, three insights can be gained through reading the previous pieces that are valuable because they are useful not only in understanding the literature itself, but also because they are valuable in many real life experiences. The specific insights that it is important to make careful decisions regarding our future, sometimes those are choices that we may have no way of knowing about until it is too late, and sometimes though we may be the only ones taking those certain paths, we may be forced to be alone in life’s journey, although it can be an exhausting journey, in the end they were all worth taking. Therefore, these are not just insights that apply to the specific literary instances in which they appear, but that apply to the life journey that we are all a part of.
References
Abel, E. (1979). Women and Schizophrenia: The Fiction of Jean Rhys. Retrieved from Contemporary Literature Web site: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1207964
Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
Grecinger, M. (2012). “I Used to Live Here Once” by Jean Rhys: A Theme Analyzation. Retrieved from HubPages website: http://bryteyedgemini.hubpages.com/hub/SHORTSTORYELEMENTS
Litlang Ltda. (2007). Types of literary criticism. Retrieved from http://www.textetc.com/criticism.html
Pollack, H. (1997). Photographic convention and story composition: Eudora Welty’s use of detail, plot, genre, and expectation from “A Worn Path” through “The Bride of the Innisfallen.” South Central Review, 14(2), 15-34. Retrieved from JSTOR database.
Wilson, L. (24, March 2009) “European or Caribbean: Jean Rhys and the Language of Exile”. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 10.03 (1998): pp. 68-72. JSTOR. EBSCO. Bracken Library. Ball State University. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3346446.