Literature Review

LITERATURE REVIEW

Social Impact

The most profound social impact of globalization is that it has changed gender roles and also secured women’s right and place in workplace the world over (Perrons2004, 81). In social relations, one of the constitutive elements is gender matter, which is based on perceived differences in the basis with person’s sex and power derived from unequal values. (Chow, 2003) With the process of globalization, the need for the higher education talents is also keep increasing, so it puts more and more women to school and also upgrades the quality of men’s personal training (Gray, Kittilson and Sandholtz 2006). Different from the past, nowadays, the job are much more skill-intensive, so around the world, more education systems is turning to provide more functional training to students for the types of new jobs available. It also provided the women more fair and boarder platform to their work from (Pettman, 1996). And also, under the influence of globalization, more and more countries have passed the law to protecting women’s rights in work place. The empowerment and acceptance of women has largely changed the employment situation of women and also improved women’s status both in family and society ( Benerla et al. 2010).

From the employment angle, rapid globalization is influencing on the employment in an unprecedented way, another implies of globalization can be defined as international division of labour (Wang , 2005). The exposition of the relationship between globalization and employment has been for a long time; both early stage and recent academic discussion mostly tend to believe that globalization is beneficial to promote higher employment opportunities (Spence, 2011). Globalization, as the engine of the growth of economics and employment, has achieved rapid advancements since WWII.(Wang , 2005)On the other side, while praising the globalization bringing more employment opportunities, the issue which is that labour in globalization economy also face more wage and employment volatility.(Brown 2007) According to Kucera (2002), FDI is negatively affected by higher labour cost, so one of the main factors drive the organization to invest in foreign country is seeking cost advantages. In order to attract more foreign investment to promote domestic economy growth, developing countries always ignore or limited the labour protection. ( Maskus, 1997). So it also directly caused the appearance of negative social phenomenon such as child labour, poor working condition, absenting or repression of organizing and bargaining rights( Maskus, 1997).

On the other hand, globalization is the primary reason, which caused within-country income inequality (Lee and Vivarelli, 2006) as motioned before, the main force of foreign investment shifting production from developed countries to developing countries is seeking cost advantage, in another worlds, both trade and FDI is taking advantage of low-skilled labour (Lee and Vivarelli, 2006). It implies that increasing demand for domestic low skilled workers and hence income inequality( Stolper and Samuelson, 1941). The skill-biased nature also enhanced widening the gap between the poor and the rich.

Ethical Impact

Globalization brings a series of changes of social life, and has led many theory and practical issues. Because there is close relationship between economic life and ethic, and ethics has an indispensable role to play in the process of globalization growth, so it is important to inspect the ethical issues under globalization.( Kung, 1997) Globalization needs ethic to support and establishing global economic ethical standards will improve the development of globalization more orderly, reasonable and equitable(Li, 2008)

Globalization has become a decisive factor behind the development of productive forces all over the world, and the growth of productive forces makes profounds impact on ethical relations among different nations (Li, 2008) . According to Marx and Engels( 2004, 39),as the development of productivity, the single individual can break away from national narrow-mindedness and geographical limitation, and into contact with global production. So obviously, globalization also drives the development among different nations, and it is the value target seeks by ethic (Li, 2008).

However, there is still some objections cannot be ignored. When there is conflict between the long-term interest and immediate interest, overall interest and partial interest, the situation of non-corporate among different countries will arise and it will may negatively affect human society overall and long-term development, which is negative affection on ethic dream (Sullivan and Kymlicka 2007, 3).

Political impact

Globalization can be studied from two different aspects: from the point of view of process, it means the global free flow of production, labour, capital, products and other essential production factors; from the point of view of the structure, it also means the adjustment of the structure of the political form and economical form, to put it simply, it is liberalization (Simmons and Elkins, 2004).It is like the two sides of the coin, and between them there is the relationship of mutually complementary

One of the political implications influenced by globalization is that the factors influenced the political life of the nation already crossed the borders, and the running policies of one country may also impact the political life of the other distant countries. It weakened the administrational ability of the nation to control its social economy, and it also means that the change of governmental function and structure. Besides, after the relaxing regulation, the local level issues started to come onto national political stage and some of new form of social organization has sprung out, at the same time, the nongovernmental organizations from the international level also have spread from aboard to domestic, so the nation have to bear some organizational function to coordinate the relationship with this organizations. Finally, it can say that the nature of globalization can be the adjustment of world economic and political structure and it will definitely lead to the rebuild domestic economic geography and the national patterns of interesting distribution, and it will also lead to the adjustment of the relationship between the authorities of central government and the functions of local governments.

There is another point cannot be overlooked, the rapid development of transportation and communication technology which is the material basis of globalization also challenge the management ability of the government. The information delivered by Internet, satellite pone, radio broadcast and television has already broken through the constraints of the borders. So in principle, because the spread speed of the information is so fast and it will be high cost to control the spread of the information, so it is hard for the government to pre-control the information efficiently. Economic globalization makes world become “global village” and it also leaded to information globalization, which directly affects the ability of political socialization of any one nation. And also, now the western culture is the mainstream of the information globalization, so for the non-western countries, especially the countries that try to reject the mainstream of western culture, their ability to control people from both culture and psychology will be deprived. In another words, globalization brings many countries “ sense of loyalty crisis”.

In conclusion, the impact of globalization on national political life has already touched the ground of the process of power. With the deepening of economic globalization, the deeper of the nation involved in the global exchange networks, and it caused the result of that the government has less control of the national economic life. The reason of that is the government may retreat some area of rights in order to encourage globalization and liberalization, for instance, the control of trade and price (Robert 1996, 308).

However, looking at another way, it is also possible that the nation gains some new area of federal power because it has to establish some new departments to face the challenge of globalization, for instance, in order to perfect the legislation and political system, the governments from developing countries have to further enhance their function on the area of environment protection.

Legal impact

From the traditional view, law is generally defined as the province of the nation state and the national police and courts enforce the legal rules. Comparing with that, international law has been weaker, with little effective enforcement powers. However, as the rapid developing of globalization, the contours of legislation are being changed and the new global legal institutions have been created. And also with the developing of globalization, laws and legal cultures became more direct, intimate, frequent and often complicated and stressed contact（Gerber, 2001).

Globalization is constantly promoting the process of market integration. While the countries are enjoying the benefit brought by globalization, they are also enduring the negative impact from that. For instance, with the internationalize tendency of the domestic market speeding up, trade friction is also increasing. In this age of globalization, with the economic trading relationship among different countries is strengthening, mutual reliance is enhancing and the overlap of interests and contradictions are widening, so it should be readjusted of international economic law. Globalization has a great impact on the international law in the following areas:

Firstly, the principle of international law is unitive little by little. Globalization drives the economic relationship between countries closer and the economic trade amount rapid increases, in order to reduce the transaction risk and guarantee the expected interests, it is necessary to create rules which can be accepted both sides of transaction. In the mean time, as the trend of internationalization of domestic market has continually increased, the line between home markets and international markets of countries are becoming increasingly blurred. Market integration requires the uniformity of the market rule, and the uniformity of the market rule makes it possible for market integration. The uniformity of the market rule mainly is conducted in following means: international conventions, international practice, worldwide national laws and international communication platform.

Secondly, its influence of countries’ national laws us deepened day by day. A striking feature of globalization is that while the countries implement their development strategy of economics open, they also start the marketizational reform and adopt the market economy as the foundation of the domestic economy operation, it leads to that the narrowing differences gap among foreign related economic laws. Because the influence of international convention such as WTO is growing, the pace of regional economic integration is accelerating and more and more countries or regions prepares to enter into international conventions, so it requires every contracting party to adjust their national laws under the convention rules. For instance, after China joined WTO, Chinese domestic economics laws has been adjusted and improved in order to be consistent with WTO rules. Therefore, international economic laws have general suitability and authority.

Thirdly, the effects to non-government organizations on the establishment of international economic laws became more. For example, due to international environment protection nongovernment organization influences, the new type of organization has been established, the most famous is Fair Trade Certified alliance.

Environmental impact

The trade liberalization mainly produces environment problems, abusing of resources and unbounded pollution is the immediate cause, which leads to the environment questions. As the rapid development of globalization, it also brings a series of environment problems such as global warming and ozone layer. There main reasons of why globalization brings negative impact on environment are:globalization brings most of countries into global economic system which always takes capital as the leading factor, the destructive competition between countries and organizations causes the great damage of environment. So far, every country cultivates the economic increasing as the core target and every enterprise pursues for interests and benefits normally. Under the stress of competition, the finiteness of nature resource and the value of nature ecosystems are always ignored. Most countries uses western Industrial mode of production, which is regardless of ecosystem cost, that lands global ecological environment into trouble.

However, globalization also has some positive impact on environment. Because globalization caused information globalization which improves the awareness of environment protection. At the same time, as the repaid development of globalization, new technology, which is referred as “green technology”, has been also created to reduce the impact of humans on the environment. For example, hybrids cars are a green option for cars and they typically achieved greater fuel economy and lower emissions than normal cars, which results in fewer emissions being generation (Coad, Haan and Sophie. 2009).

RECCOMODATION

Firstly, reinforcing the fair trade rules when promotes free trade. Because in globalization process, the position of developing country and developed country is imparity, the developing country is in adverse position. Due to the imparity position, trade liberalization always causes some results of injustice. And some international agreements don’t give a full account of the situation of the poor countries. WTO should establish much fairer framework of laws to help majority of countries could be benefited from international trade activities.

Secondly, using resources reasonably and effectively. The rich resources should be the advantage of economic development for one country, however, now it became one of the constraints to developing country nowadays. The reasons are: because the developing countries with rich resources are too much depending on resources trade, so it is easy to be influenced by the market fluctuations; and for the countries with rich resources, their natural resource is easy to be controlled by international monopoly capital group. Also, on resource exploitation side, in order to achieve short-term benefits, the interests of developing countries always be damaged by developed countries.

Thirdly, solving the problem of global warming together.

Fourthly, lightening the debts of developing countries.

CONCLUSION
Globalization
is like double-edge sword, it has a heavy two-ford effect on both international economic world and national economic life. From the positive parts: it brings more chances to countries to develop their economy; with the fast development of economic globalization, science and technology, the flow of capital, technique, merchandise, service and talents quickens around the globe; it changed the gender roles and provides more employment opportunity; it also brings the technology globalization and enhances the development of science and technology;