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LTF ANALYSIS
WHAT IS MANHOOD? THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF TRADITIONAL
CIRCUMCISION IN THE XHOSA
INITIATION RITUAL by Andile P. Mhlahlo
Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Philosophy in Community and Development at The University of Stellenbosch
Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology
Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences
Supervisor: Prof. C.S. van der Waal
March 2009

1

DECLARATION

By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the owner of the copyright thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification.

Date: 3 March 2009

Copyright © 2009 Stellenbosch University
All rights reserved

2

OPSOMMING
Die doel van hierdie tesis is om te poog om die begrip manhood te verstaan in die konteks van Xhosapratende mense; en om waarom te ondersoek dit betekenisvol vir hulle is om tradisionele besnydenis in die man te gebruik inwyding rituaal.

In die konteks van die navorsing probleem, die doelwit is om te verstaan: ek i) Hoekom tradisionele besnydenis belangrik is in die uitvoer van hierdie ritual, ii) mense se gelowe omtrent die begrip manhood, iii) hoe die inwyding rituaal in die huidige dag, iv) ingeoefen word die geskil en debatteer om die inwyding rituaal in die Oosterse Kaap, en v) die rol van die regering se beleide in die reguleer van hierdie plegtigheid. In terme van navorsing ontwerp en metodiek, het ek kwalitatiewe navorsing gebruik. Die monsterneming metode insluit kloostersuster-waarskynlikheid monsterneming-dat is oorgemerk of oordelee monsterneming. In die navorsing proses het ek indiwiduele onderhoude fokus gebruik groep onderhoude deelnemer waarneming, en enige letterkunde wat ter sake vir dit was studeer. Die navorsing is aangevoer in
Mchubakazi Stadsgebied in Butterworth



References: Aldeeb Abu-Sahliem, S.A.A. 2001. Male and female circumcision: among Jews, Christians and Muslims: Religious, medical, social and legal debate Allen, R. E. 1992. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. London. Oxford University Press. Author unknown, 2007. Male circumcision lowers chance of contracting HIV/Aids. Contemporary Sexuality Author unknown, 2006. Demand for male circumcision rises in a bid to prevent HIV. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation Author unknown, 2005. UNAIDS statement on South African trial findings regarding male circumcision and HIV Author unknown, 2001. Male circumcision and HIV/AIDS: Are adolescents the key? Population Reports. Author unknown, 2007. Umthunzi Wentaba’s writer speaks out. Available: www.tvsa.co.za. Author unknown, 2007. Amakhosi want SABC to slaughter an animal. Available: www.iol.co.za. Author unknown, 2007. SABC pulls contentious drama on circumcision. Available: http://www.mediaupdate.co.za Babbie, E. and Mouton, J. 2001. The Practice of Social Research. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. Birx, J. 2006. Encyclopedia of Anthropology. London. New Delhi: Sage. Block, R. 1996. Tribal rite robs youth of manhood. Sunday Times (London), 29 December. Brown, C.A. 2003. A “man” in the village is a “boy” in the workplace: Colonial racism, worker militance, and Igbo notions of masculinity in the Nigerian coal industry, 1930-1945 Carstens, P. 1982. The Socio-economic context of initiation ceremonies among two Southern African peoples Cox, J.L. 1998. Rites of passage in contemporary Africa. Interaction between Christian and African Traditional Religions Davies, D. 1994. Introduction. Raising the issues. In Holm, J. and Bowker, J. Rites of Passage. Pinter publishers De Vos et al. 2003. Research at Grass Roots for the social sciences and human service professions. Second edition Dijker, A.J.M. and Koomen, W. 2006. A psychological model of social control and stigmatization: Evolutionary background and practical implications Dover, P. 2005. Gender and Embodiment: Expectations of manliness in a Zambian village. In Ouzgane, L. Five arrested for illegal circumcisions. 2007. City Press, 17 June. Funani, L.S. 1990. Circumcision among the Ama-Xhosa. A Medical Investigation. Braamfontein. Skotaville Publishers. Grimmes, R.L. 2000. Deeply into the bone. Re-inventing rites of passage. Berkeley. University of California Press. Hammond-Tooke, W.D. 1974. The Bantu-speaking Peoples of Southern Africa. London. Routledge and Kegan Paul Hammond-Tooke, W.D. 1975. The Symbolic structure of Cape Nguni cosmology. In Whisson, M. and West, M Hunter, M. 2005. Cultural politics and masculinities: Multiple-partners in historical perspective in KwaZulu-Natal Lightfoot-Klein, H. 1989. Prisoners of Ritual. An odyssey into female genital circumcision in Africa. New York Male circumcision significantly reduces the risk of HIV infection. 2006. Daily Dispatch, 20 December. Mark et. al. 1998. Rituals and masking traditions in Jola men’s initiation. Academic Search Premier. 31(1). Mayer, P. 1971. Traditional manhood initiation in an industrial city: The African View. In de Jager, E.J.

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