Lymphadenopathy
Introduction
Lymphadenopathy implies the existence of the disease in lymph nodes that is usually associated with lymph node enlargement. Enlargement of lymph nodes often occurs followed by the proliferation of resident normal cells or infiltration of outside normal or abnormal cells. Rarely, this enlargement can be caused by vascular changes (congestion, vascularization, and edema) (1, 2).
Histopathology and cytology are used for the direct evaluation of origin and type of the lymph node cells. Cytology compared to histopathology a very simple, easy, fast and cost effectiveness. Also, the procedure that is used to get cytological samples is extremely safe and its complications are very rare (3). Nowadays in human medicine, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is widely used as the first-line investigation for the diagnosis of lymphadenopathy, because FNA in contrast to others biopsy approaches is one of the simplest and minimally invasive techniques (4). Although the lymph nodes biopsy can be performed using sonographic guidance, but regarding the location of cervical lymph nodes unlike the …show more content…
deeper nodes (eg, abdominal or mediastinal) is not required to this action (5, 6). Indeed, this method in cervical lymph nodes is relatively simpler and offers quick reliable results (7). With FNAC can be detected reactive, infectious and malignant conditions as well as the stage of the disease. In fact, FNAC not only for primary diagnostic of cervical lymphadenopathy is helpful but also can be used as a means for monitoring the number of clinical problems such as lymphadenitis, lymphoma, and metastatic lesions. In addition, early and accurate detection in FNAC method can save the patient from death and malignancies (4, 6-8).
Recently, in order to increase the sensitivity and specificity of cytology analysis, using quantitative methods (in contrast to qualitative methods) are being considered.
One of these methods is using digital cameras and morphometric technics. Morphometric cytology is the study of quantifies dimensions of cells through the observations of two-dimensional sections. The parameters that are used in descriptive cytology are subjective and qualitative, but in morphometric cytology, these parameters are quantitative which seems to be more accurate and repeatable than investigating the general cellular patterns (9, 10). In the past few years, using image analysis soft wares like ImageJ has been considered as a tool for morphometrically quantify the cytological slides. This method can reveal the small differences in cellular changes which are not differentiable with human eyes
(11).
In the present study to evaluate the potential of the ImageJ software in the differentiation of various types of lymphadenopathies (particularly Lymphoma and Hyperplasia) with FNAC, specimens of enlarged mandibular lymph nodes from dogs with lymphadenopathy and normal dogs as the control group were studied histopathologically, cytologically and cytomorphological with ImageJ.
Lymphadenopathy implies the existence of the disease in lymph nodes that is usually associated with lymph node enlargement. Enlargement of lymph nodes often occurs followed by the proliferation of resident normal cells or infiltration of outside normal or abnormal cells. Rarely, this enlargement can be caused by vascular changes (congestion, vascularization, and edema) (1, 2).
Histopathology and cytology are used for the direct evaluation of origin and type of the lymph node cells. Cytology compared to histopathology a very simple, easy, fast and cost effectiveness. Also, the procedure that is used to get cytological samples is extremely safe and its complications are very rare (3). Nowadays in human medicine, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is widely used as the first-line investigation for the diagnosis of lymphadenopathy, because FNA in contrast to others biopsy approaches is one of the simplest and minimally invasive techniques (4). Although the lymph nodes biopsy can be performed using sonographic guidance, but regarding the location of cervical lymph nodes unlike the …show more content…
deeper nodes (eg, abdominal or mediastinal) is not required to this action (5, 6). Indeed, this method in cervical lymph nodes is relatively simpler and offers quick reliable results (7). With FNAC can be detected reactive, infectious and malignant conditions as well as the stage of the disease. In fact, FNAC not only for primary diagnostic of cervical lymphadenopathy is helpful but also can be used as a means for monitoring the number of clinical problems such as lymphadenitis, lymphoma, and metastatic lesions. In addition, early and accurate detection in FNAC method can save the patient from death and malignancies (4, 6-8).
Recently, in order to increase the sensitivity and specificity of cytology analysis, using quantitative methods (in contrast to qualitative methods) are being considered.
One of these methods is using digital cameras and morphometric technics. Morphometric cytology is the study of quantifies dimensions of cells through the observations of two-dimensional sections. The parameters that are used in descriptive cytology are subjective and qualitative, but in morphometric cytology, these parameters are quantitative which seems to be more accurate and repeatable than investigating the general cellular patterns (9, 10). In the past few years, using image analysis soft wares like ImageJ has been considered as a tool for morphometrically quantify the cytological slides. This method can reveal the small differences in cellular changes which are not differentiable with human eyes
(11).
In the present study to evaluate the potential of the ImageJ software in the differentiation of various types of lymphadenopathies (particularly Lymphoma and Hyperplasia) with FNAC, specimens of enlarged mandibular lymph nodes from dogs with lymphadenopathy and normal dogs as the control group were studied histopathologically, cytologically and cytomorphological with ImageJ.