Macroecon: Labor Market
Chapter 3 Assumptions of firms about labor market 1. Workers are all alike 2. Wages are set by the market 3. Firm’s goal is to earn the highest possible profit Wages = cost of an extra worker The firm will hire until (value of extra worker = wage) Production Function A= productivity
Marginal product of labor(MPN) MPN decreases as #workers inc. The benefit of employing an additional worker in term of the extra output produced. Marginal revenue product of labor(MRPN=P X MPN) Benefit of employing an additional worker in terms of the extra revenue produced MRPN>Wage to make a positive profit w(real wage) = W(nominal wage)/P(output price) MPN>W hiring more workers is profitable A decrease in real wage raises the amount of labor demanded MPN=wage (profit maximization) Labor Demand curve =same as MPN curve Vertical axis – real wage Horizontal axis – labor demanded => quantity of labor decreases as LD curve not shifted by change in real wage Shifted by supply shock, change in capital stock A beneficial supply shock raises the MPN at all levels of labor input. Labor demand is determined by firms Labor Supply and Real Wages * Substitution effect of a higher real wage : workers work more when rewarded highly -> work more : pure substitution effect-> one day rise in the real wage * Income effect of a higher real wage : workers become wealthier with higher income -> work less : pure income effect-> increase in wealth * Both: a long term increase in real wage
Labor Supply Curve Relationship between labor supplied and real wage
Labor Market Equilibrium Full employment is occurred when ND=NS Temporary adverse supply shock Ex. Bad weather Decreases MPN at every level => decreases ND Because it is temporary, it doesn’t affect future marginal product or future real wage=> labor supply curve does not move Full Employment Output Potential output The level of output that firms supply when wages/prices have fully adjusted Y_=AF(K,N_) * For constant capital stock, K, full employment is determined by N_, level of employment, and the production function. * Adverse supply shock lowers Y, by reducing the quantity of output with fixed amounts of capital and labor * Reduction in productivity measure, A * Adverse supply shock lowers ND and thus employment level N_ and Y.
Unemployment Labor force = employed + unemployed Population = labor force + not in labor force Unemployment spell * the period of time an individual is continuously unemployed * duration: the length of time the spell lasts
Why unemployment?
1. Frictional unemployment * workers search for suitable jobs and firms search for suitable workers * dynamic economy
2. Structural unemployment
- chronically unemployed for a long term
a. unskilled workers can’t find desirable long term jobs because of factors such as - inadequate education, discrimination, language, etc.
b. reallocation of labor from shrinking to growing industries
Cyclical Unemployment =Actual unemployment rate – natural unemployment rate (u-u_) + when economy’s output and employment are below full employment levels - when output and employment exceed full employment levels
Okun’s Law
- The gap btw and economy’s full employment output and its actual level of output increases by 2% for each % the unemployment rate increases (Y-Y)/Y = 2(u-u) (Y-Y)/Y : amount by which Y falls short of full employment output the percent gap equals 2 times the cyclical unemployment rate. Ex. If (u-u)=1%, actual output, Y, is 2% lower than full employment output Y. Y=15bil, Y is $300 below the full employment level. (15bil x 2%)
ΔY/Y = 3-2Δu (growth rate form of Okun’s Law)
ΔY/Y = percent growth rate of output
Δu = change in actual unemployment rate
When unemployment is rising, actual output, Y, is growing more slowly than 3% per year(average growth rate of full-employment output in the U.S).
The equation assumes that the natural rate of unemployment is constant.
Marginal product of labor(MPN) MPN decreases as #workers inc. The benefit of employing an additional worker in term of the extra output produced. Marginal revenue product of labor(MRPN=P X MPN) Benefit of employing an additional worker in terms of the extra revenue produced MRPN>Wage to make a positive profit w(real wage) = W(nominal wage)/P(output price) MPN>W hiring more workers is profitable A decrease in real wage raises the amount of labor demanded MPN=wage (profit maximization) Labor Demand curve =same as MPN curve Vertical axis – real wage Horizontal axis – labor demanded => quantity of labor decreases as LD curve not shifted by change in real wage Shifted by supply shock, change in capital stock A beneficial supply shock raises the MPN at all levels of labor input. Labor demand is determined by firms Labor Supply and Real Wages * Substitution effect of a higher real wage : workers work more when rewarded highly -> work more : pure substitution effect-> one day rise in the real wage * Income effect of a higher real wage : workers become wealthier with higher income -> work less : pure income effect-> increase in wealth * Both: a long term increase in real wage
Labor Supply Curve Relationship between labor supplied and real wage
Labor Market Equilibrium Full employment is occurred when ND=NS Temporary adverse supply shock Ex. Bad weather Decreases MPN at every level => decreases ND Because it is temporary, it doesn’t affect future marginal product or future real wage=> labor supply curve does not move Full Employment Output Potential output The level of output that firms supply when wages/prices have fully adjusted Y_=AF(K,N_) * For constant capital stock, K, full employment is determined by N_, level of employment, and the production function. * Adverse supply shock lowers Y, by reducing the quantity of output with fixed amounts of capital and labor * Reduction in productivity measure, A * Adverse supply shock lowers ND and thus employment level N_ and Y.
Unemployment Labor force = employed + unemployed Population = labor force + not in labor force Unemployment spell * the period of time an individual is continuously unemployed * duration: the length of time the spell lasts
Why unemployment?
1. Frictional unemployment * workers search for suitable jobs and firms search for suitable workers * dynamic economy
2. Structural unemployment
- chronically unemployed for a long term
a. unskilled workers can’t find desirable long term jobs because of factors such as - inadequate education, discrimination, language, etc.
b. reallocation of labor from shrinking to growing industries
Cyclical Unemployment =Actual unemployment rate – natural unemployment rate (u-u_) + when economy’s output and employment are below full employment levels - when output and employment exceed full employment levels
Okun’s Law
- The gap btw and economy’s full employment output and its actual level of output increases by 2% for each % the unemployment rate increases (Y-Y)/Y = 2(u-u) (Y-Y)/Y : amount by which Y falls short of full employment output the percent gap equals 2 times the cyclical unemployment rate. Ex. If (u-u)=1%, actual output, Y, is 2% lower than full employment output Y. Y=15bil, Y is $300 below the full employment level. (15bil x 2%)
ΔY/Y = 3-2Δu (growth rate form of Okun’s Law)
ΔY/Y = percent growth rate of output
Δu = change in actual unemployment rate
When unemployment is rising, actual output, Y, is growing more slowly than 3% per year(average growth rate of full-employment output in the U.S).
The equation assumes that the natural rate of unemployment is constant.