Macromolecules of the Cell
1.Carbohydrates
Consists of CnH2xOx • Include sugars • Classified into groups based on the number of carbon atoms per molecule. • Classes of Carbohydrates o Monosaccharides ▪ Simple sugars o Disaccharides ▪ Compound sugars o Polysaccharides ▪ Complex sugars
a. Monosaccharides • Simple sugars • Contain about 3 to 6 carbon atoms per molecule o Trioses ▪ The three carbon simple sugars o Pentoses ▪ The five carbon simple sugars ▪ Examples are – Ribose and Deoxyribose o Hexoses ▪ The six carbon simple sugars ▪ Chemical formula for hexoses is C6H12O6 ▪ The most abundant sugars in nature. They comprise both disaccharides and polysaccharides. ▪ Examples are Glucose, Galactose and Fructose. o • Isomers • Chemicals that share the same chemical formula but different structures (mirror images) • • Glucose “the blood sugar” • The primary source of energy in all living things • • Galactose • • Fructose “fruit sugar”
Isomerization
A chemical reaction in which a substance is rearranged to form another substance.
Hydrolysis Is a chemical reaction by which a large substance is broken down into smaller units through the addition of water.
Dehydration synthesis
Is a chemical reaction by which a large substance is manufactured from subunits with the release of water.
b. Disaccharides
Compound sugars
A simple sugar + a simple sugar will undergo dehydration synthesis to form a compound sugar plus water
Each disaccharide is a product of dehydration synthesis including two hexoses. • Glucose + Glucose dehydration synthesis Maltose + water • Glucose + Galactose dehydration
Consists of CnH2xOx • Include sugars • Classified into groups based on the number of carbon atoms per molecule. • Classes of Carbohydrates o Monosaccharides ▪ Simple sugars o Disaccharides ▪ Compound sugars o Polysaccharides ▪ Complex sugars
a. Monosaccharides • Simple sugars • Contain about 3 to 6 carbon atoms per molecule o Trioses ▪ The three carbon simple sugars o Pentoses ▪ The five carbon simple sugars ▪ Examples are – Ribose and Deoxyribose o Hexoses ▪ The six carbon simple sugars ▪ Chemical formula for hexoses is C6H12O6 ▪ The most abundant sugars in nature. They comprise both disaccharides and polysaccharides. ▪ Examples are Glucose, Galactose and Fructose. o • Isomers • Chemicals that share the same chemical formula but different structures (mirror images) • • Glucose “the blood sugar” • The primary source of energy in all living things • • Galactose • • Fructose “fruit sugar”
Isomerization
A chemical reaction in which a substance is rearranged to form another substance.
Hydrolysis Is a chemical reaction by which a large substance is broken down into smaller units through the addition of water.
Dehydration synthesis
Is a chemical reaction by which a large substance is manufactured from subunits with the release of water.
b. Disaccharides
Compound sugars
A simple sugar + a simple sugar will undergo dehydration synthesis to form a compound sugar plus water
Each disaccharide is a product of dehydration synthesis including two hexoses. • Glucose + Glucose dehydration synthesis Maltose + water • Glucose + Galactose dehydration