Major Psychological Theories
MAJOR PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a comprehensive theory about human nature, motivation, behavior, development and experience. And it is a method of treatment for psychological problems and difficulties in living a successful life. As a general theory of individual human behavior and experience, psychoanalytic ideas enrich and are enriched by the study of the biological and social sciences, group behavior, history, philosophy, art, and literature. As a developmental theory, psychoanalysis contributes to child psychology, education, law, and family studies. Through its examination of the complex relationship between body and mind, psychoanalysis also furthers our understanding of the role of emotions in health as well as in medical illness.
The psychoanalytic framework stresses the importance of understanding:
• that each individual is unique,
• that there are factors outside of a person 's awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) which influence his or her thoughts and actions,
• that the past shapes the present
• that human beings are always engaged in the process of development throughout their lives
Psychoanalysis (Freudian psychological) reality begins with the world, full of objects. Among them is a very special object, the organism. The organism is special in that it acts to survive and reproduce, and it is guided toward those ends by its needs hunger, thirst, the avoidance of pain, and sex.
A very important part of the organism is the nervous system, which has as one its characteristics sensitivity to the organism 's needs. At birth, that nervous system is little more than that of any other animal, an "it" or id. The nervous system, as id, translates the organism 's needs into motivational forces called, in German, Trieben, which has been translated as instincts or drives. Freud also called them wishes. This translation from need to wish is called the primary process.
The id works in keeping with
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a comprehensive theory about human nature, motivation, behavior, development and experience. And it is a method of treatment for psychological problems and difficulties in living a successful life. As a general theory of individual human behavior and experience, psychoanalytic ideas enrich and are enriched by the study of the biological and social sciences, group behavior, history, philosophy, art, and literature. As a developmental theory, psychoanalysis contributes to child psychology, education, law, and family studies. Through its examination of the complex relationship between body and mind, psychoanalysis also furthers our understanding of the role of emotions in health as well as in medical illness.
The psychoanalytic framework stresses the importance of understanding:
• that each individual is unique,
• that there are factors outside of a person 's awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) which influence his or her thoughts and actions,
• that the past shapes the present
• that human beings are always engaged in the process of development throughout their lives
Psychoanalysis (Freudian psychological) reality begins with the world, full of objects. Among them is a very special object, the organism. The organism is special in that it acts to survive and reproduce, and it is guided toward those ends by its needs hunger, thirst, the avoidance of pain, and sex.
A very important part of the organism is the nervous system, which has as one its characteristics sensitivity to the organism 's needs. At birth, that nervous system is little more than that of any other animal, an "it" or id. The nervous system, as id, translates the organism 's needs into motivational forces called, in German, Trieben, which has been translated as instincts or drives. Freud also called them wishes. This translation from need to wish is called the primary process.
The id works in keeping with
References: D.C. PHILLIPS & JONAS F. SOLTIS, PERSPECTIVES ON LEARNING, CHAPTER 3. TEACHERS COLLEGE PRESS. DALE H. SCHUNK , LEARNING THEORIES: AN EDUCATIONAL PERSPECTIVE DENNIS COON AND JOHN O. MITTERE, INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY: GATEWAYS TO MIND AND BEHAVIOR WITH CONCEPT MAPS AND REVIEWS BOB GARRET, BRAIN & BEHAVIOR: AN INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY