Mall Management

INTRODUCTION:
Organised retailing in India witnessed a gross turnover of USD 320 billion in 2006. Although this figure is low compared with other developed economies, industry experts expected the growth rate of this sector at 35% until 2010. At present, about 100 malls are operational at India with a total area of 19 million sq ft. As per the estimates, about 3003 additional malls were constructed across the country by 2010.
According to the Jones Lang LaSalle Retailer Sentiment Survey 2006, 95% of the respondents expect their gross turnover and expansion all over. About 70% of those who have expansion plans said they prefer malls over high streets for their expansion, indicating the rising demand for malls as the preferred destination of organised retail in India. Moreover, about 65% of those who preferred malls over high streets also said that mall management is expected to become the factor for a mall’s success in the future.
However, a sense of concern was expressed over the following challenges to the Indian retail market: lack of quality locations shortage of trained staff rising rental values mall management. The first three concerns can be classified as external factors, whereas mall management is internal. External factors are common to all players in the Indian retail industry, whereas mall management is specific to individual malls. We anticipate that the success of Indian malls will not only be achieved by housing the biggest and the best mix of retailers, but also by setting up new standards and procedures in mall management that will provide a platform to differentiate its products and services from competitors.
In the current market scenario, both consumers and retailers have limited choice in terms of mall shopping experience. As organised retail grows, we expect the market to be more competitive by providing more choices to consumers and retailers. At this point, developers will have to work harder to create a differentiation for their product. We believe consumers and retailers will be attracted to malls that are professionally managed, making effective mall management a critical factor behind the success of a mall. The internal factor: effective mall management as a growing phenomenon in the Indian retail industry today. The prime objective of landlords as well as of investors is to attract shoppers and persuade them to purchase goods and services. This will in turn boost retailers’ turnover and benefit their bottom line. Efficient mall management can help landlords achieve this goal.
What is Mall Management?
Globally, mall management broadly includes: positioning a mall zoning – formulating the right tenant mix and its placement in a mall promotions and marketing facility management – infrastructure, traffic and ambience management, finance management.

It broadly includes infrastructure, ambience and traffic management.

A. Infrastructure Management – Infrastructure management refers to the management of facilities provided to the tenants within the mall.
This includes provision of adequate power supply , safety issues in case of emergency and miscellaneous issues related to signage, water supply, sanitation, etc. as shown in
Figure, these form an integral part of mall management as they are the basic amenities that any tenant would look for in a mall. Infrastructure management also includes risk management issues such as essential safety measure asset liability and environmental audits as well as emergency and evacuation training.

B. Ambience– The overall shopping experience provided for consumers becomes an important factor for the success of any mall. Ambience management includes management of parks, fountains and overall look of the mall.
A mall is not just a place for shopping but is also a place where people spend their leisure time. In favourable, lush green landscaping with seating facilities and the presence of food and beverage inside or outside the mall can increase foot traffic.

C. Traffic Management – Traffic management includes managing foot traffic into the mall and parking facilities. Foot traffic management involves crowd management inside the operational area of a mall. The flow of people is related to the design of the mall and the spatial distribution of its tenants. For example, a star-shaped mall tends to have a problem of crowding in the centre of the mall, as everyone has to pass through the centre while moving from one side to the other. Circular malls, on the other hand, would not have this problem. They tend to have better pedestrian flow and less congestion. Managing parking facilities includes provision of ample parking and manoeuvring of cars in the parking lot. In The Mall mall parking system is an ideal one as it is not congested but spacious. There is no crowd assembled in any part.

Mall management-
It has been identified as a critical factor for the success of malls and the retail industry across the world. Mall management broadly includes mall positioning, zoning, tenant mix, promotions/ marketing and facility/finance management. Currently, the Indian retail market lacks designated mall management firms. Large real estate developers and retail chains either have their own mall management arms operating as subsidiaries or have contractual agreements with international property consultants.
Till recently, mall management was limited to facility management by a majority of developers in India, leading to gaps in mall management practices.

Mall culture has become big business, as shopping malls have evolved into multi-storied structures housing a large number of stores that sell diverse products and services. Shopping malls house a collection of retail stores and restaurants, adjoined by pedestrian areas or an exclusive pedestrian street.
However, the concept was not new, if you consider the indoor, multi-vendor shopping
The high future supply of malls and increasing competitiveness within the Indian retail market, developers must correctly address these gaps to ensure success.

That’s how the mall management come up as-
“Growing phenomenon in Indian retail Industry”
The Mall mall is established in Bilaspur city, chattisgarh state and Avinash Group developers and Ramakrishna developers contributed for mall construction.
As Avinash group invest their talent, energy and resources in the highest quality and planning design and construction that will last for generations and assures an unparalleled quality of life for those who live, work and shop here.
Avinash group has been incorporated in the year 1977 at Raipur. The company has been promoted by the engineers. This group is consortium of Avinash developers Pvt. Ltd. Avinash builders, sky automobiles and makes carriers is pioneer and exalt group of newly established chattisgarh state. Avinash group is founded on the strength of strong foundation and commitment beyond business. The group leads with vision, creativity and eligibility but ultimately thrives on integrity. Ramakrishna developers Pvt. Ltd. is a confluence of Rama real Estate Pvt. Ltd. (An ISO 9001:2000 certified company) and Hind energy and Coal Benefication Pvt. Ltd. The lead player Rama Real Estate Pvt. Ltd. is a prominent builders and developers of Bilaspur region, having the field since 2005. So far, Rama Real estate has completed Krishna vihar, Krishna residency, Rama Trade centre and Rama residency having constructed 1200 houses with built up area 14 lacs sq. ft.
ECHT- Strategic Marketing Advisors.
The Mall mall is an apogee of lifestyle distinction. It offers not only unprecedented scale in terms of its size but also an experience of unparalleled retail mix combined with the entertainment and leisure attractions that will change the concept of shopping mall experience. It is with best location, a flat ‘1.5’ km from city centre and a 3 road approach makes it very approachable and convenient. The mall offers a wide range of facilities including well known international and domestic retail brands. Anchor stores, Hypermarket, four-screen multiplex cinema, Restaurants and coffee shops, food court, fitness and wellness centre. Gaming zone, Bowling alley, indoor and outdoor entertainment park, kids play zone, corporate zone, 3-star hotels, etc. With two basement levels, the mall also has more than 250 car parking spaces and offers amenities such as wide atrium spaces, high speed elevators and escalators, multiple entry/exits with state of the art facilities for shopping, entertainment, food, fitness and luxury brand shopping it is a true destination mall. All its facilities and infrastructure as the standard mall must be makes The Mall an ideal mall, because it also has been designed as a name synonymous with LUXURY offering a unique shopping experience where the accent is an exclusivity, space and aesthetics. There is simply no other place where such a variety of branded and premium merchandise, lifestyle products and goods are showcased under one roof.
Utmost care has been taken to offer brands with tremendous value and style at the same time shopping in Bilaspur will never be the same again.
Largest hypermarket, two major lifestyle anchor, footwear anchor, electronics anchor, finest clothing for men, women, kids. Designer labels and studio branded jewellery and watches, exclusive gifting and accessories, home furnishing, decor, sports goods and sports wears, optical and shades.
Here not only due to facilities and shopping system people all around the Bilaspur come from small villages also to enjoy and for entertainment and with food they feel tempting for mall to visit again and again, regularly. Sometimes people waiting for train or to pass time according to timings also visit here as it is near railway station. It is pleasure for most of the public as there are not many picnic spots and tourists places.
The Mall – The Mall, Bilaspur 's first mall is opened on December 2, 2011. Developed by Avinash Ramakrishna Developers with an investment of Rs 60 crore, the project started in November 2008 and took three years to get completed.

The mall is spread across the total built up area of approximately 3,50,000 sq.ft. with a GLA of around 2,00,000 sq.ft. The Mall is Central India 's first mall to have 20,000 sq.ft. of dedicated gaming and entertainment space comprising indoor gaming zone with bowling alleys, Roman theme-based outdoor zone, ice skating rink, 5D cinema, and virtual gaming.

"The Mall is an apogee of lifestyle destination as it offers not only unprecedented scale in terms of its size but also an experience of unparalleled retail mix combined with entertainment and leisure attractions that will change the concept of shopping mall experience," said Anand Singhania, MD, Avinash Ramakrishna Developers. "The mall is centrally located and is very close to city’s main high street and has a three road approach, thus, making it very approachable and centrally located," added Singhania.

The Mall has three floors including basement and lower ground floor with two entry and exit points and 60 stores. Sanjay Puri (Mumbai) has taken care of landscaping, exteriors and interiors. Thessan has provided lifts and elevators, security has been taken care by Visual Security (Kolkata), and SA Parking Services (Delhi) is responsible for the parking management. The mall is equipped with basement and lower ground/open car park with four- and two- wheeler parking capacity of 350 and 500, respectively. The mall has adopted a pure lease and MG + revenue share model and 85 percent of the mall is already leased out. It also has a PVR multiplex and a food court named Eatopia having 10 counters.
The Mall is Chattisgarh 's first mall to have five national anchors – Easy Day, Pantaloon, PVR Cinema, Reliance Trends, and Reliance Footprints – and also a 12,000 sq.ft. banquet, art gallery, music center, and a dedicated lifestyle floor compromising of gym, spa and saloon, conference facility, and beauty treatments.
Figure: Infrastructure Management

INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT

Power Safety Miscellaneous

Indian Scenario for Mall
Management
The partial foreign direct investment (FDI) relaxation in 2006 allowed 51% ownership in joint ventures by single-brand companies in the retail market. This triggered high international single brand retailer interest in the Indian retail market. Additionally, large Indian conglomerates such as-
Reliance Industries and Aditya Birla Group are commencing their foray into retailing across the country. This prompts the Indian retail industry to undoubtedly move on a high growth curve. However, at this juncture, retailing is still faced with one major challenge: systematic mall management. Currently, there are very few designated mall management companies in India. However, big retail chains such as Future Group and some large developers have set up their own mall management divisions that operate as their subsidiary companies.
Some developers such as DLF have also recently entered into contractual arrangements with.

Finance Management
Professional financial management of a mall as a business venture is a must. Mall management also covers financial management, which involves monitoring and controlling of various issues such as: cash receipts and collection of income including rentals, service charges, car park receipts, electricity and other utility income developing accounting systems to track the ageing of debts, payment delay patterns, bad debts and payment of all invoices and expenses developing standard financial templates so that a detailed annual property budget is prepared at times, organising resources to deliver an efficient and effective annual external audit. In The Mall mall all the above things are satisfactory.

Issues Related to Mall Management in the Indian
Retail Market
Lack of Feasibility/Market Research Prior to the Development of a Mall – In the past, some malls were constructed without carrying out a rigorous due diligence exercise on their feasibility. The market scene is gradually changing wherein more and more developers are approaching property consultancy firms to conduct feasibility and positioning studies for their projects. Zoning – Landlords/developers tend to lease out retail space on a first-come-first-served basis. This creates a sub-optimal tenant mix like a food and beverage outlet next to a designer apparel shop instead of an accessories or a footwear shop.
Design Issues –
At present, most of the popular malls have long queues and congestion outside their main entry points during weekends and festive seasons. Having only one entry and exit points also leads to overcrowding. Similarly, the visibility of retail units from all vantage points is poor in many malls.
Few Promotional Activities – There are very few promotional activities organised in the majority of malls at present. Developers perceive that these events only help increase foot traffic and not revenues.
Facility Management –
Good infrastructure/facility management of common areas becomes a problem in malls where retail outlets are sold as strata title.
Parking –
Many malls in India do not have adequate parking. Since most malls are being built in the city, developers typically provide basement parking facilities. However, these parking spaces are inefficient due to low ceiling heights, bad lighting and single entry and exit points. But The Mall have good parking system.
Shopping mall
A shopping mall, shopping centre, shopping arcade, shopping precinct or simply mall is one or more buildings forming a complex of shops representing merchandisers, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from unit to unit, along with a parking area — a modern, indoor version of the traditional marketplace.
Modern "car-friendly" strip malls developed from the 1920s, and shopping malls corresponded with the rise of suburban living in many parts of the Western World, especially the United States, after World War II. From early on, the design tended to be inward-facing, with malls following theories of how customers could best be enticed in a controlled environment. Similar, the concept of a mall having one or more "anchor" or "big box" stores was pioneered early, with individual stores or smaller-scale chain stores intended to benefit from the shoppers attracted by the big stores.
A shopping mall (or simply mall), shopping center,, or shopping arcade is a building or set of buildings that contain retail stores, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from store to store. The walkways may be enclosed. In the British Isles and Australia, "shopping malls" are more usually referred to as "shopping centres" or, sometimes, "shopping arcades." In North America, the term "shopping mall" is usually applied to enclosed retail structures, while "shopping center" or "shopping plaza" refers to open-air retail complexes. The concept of a "mall" or bazaar with numerous shops located in one area, possibly covered, has a long history and has served all segments of society well. The advent of large shopping areas located out of the city center to be accessed by car, however, has led to changes, some beneficial some not. Such structures tend to take people away from the center of town, leaving the city-center bereft of the hustle and bustle of trading, and in some cases has led to increased crime. Small store owners, unable to pay the higher rents charged at new malls suffer loss of customers. Consumers, while finding the large shopping malls convenient, may find the abundance of goods tempting and spend more than their budget allows. Thus, as with all developments in technology, the shopping mall can be used for good or ill, and the final outcome depends more on the motivations of those involved than on the physical structures.

Classes of mall with examples:
Regional mall
A regional mall is a shopping mall that is designed to service a larger area than a conventional shopping mall. As such, it is typically larger with 400,000 to 800,000 square feet (37,000 to 74,000 square meters) gross leasable area with at least 2 anchors,[2] and offers a wider selection of stores. Given its wider service area, these malls tend to have higher-end stores that need a larger area in order for their services to be profitable. Regional malls are also found as tourist attractions in vacation areas.
Super-regional mall
A super-regional mall is a shopping mall with over 800,000 square feet (74,000 square meters)[2] of gross leasable area, which serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region in which it is located.
A strip mall (also called a plaza) is an open-area shopping center where the stores are arranged in a row, with a sidewalk in front. Strip malls are typically developed as a unit and have large parking lots in front. They face major traffic arterials and tend to be self-contained with few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighborhoods.
In the United States and Canada, strip malls come in two sizes. The smaller variety is more common, and often located at the intersection of major streets in residential areas; they cater to a small residential area. This type of strip mall is found in nearly every city or town in the U.S. and Canada. They are service-oriented and will often contain a grocery store, video rental store, dry cleaner, small restaurant, and other similar stores. Sometimes, gas stations, banks, and other businesses will also have their own free-standing buildings in the parking lot of the strip center.
The other variety of strip mall in the United States has large retailers as the anchors, such as Wal-Mart or Target. They are sometimes referred to as "power centers" in the real estate development industry because they attract and cater to residents of an entire population area. The type of retailers may vary widely—from electronics to bookstores to home improvement stores. There are typically only a few of these types of strip malls in a city, compared to the grocery store-anchored strip mall. Some of these strip centers may only have three or four of the large retailers in them, while others may have a dozen or more major retailers.
Strip malls vary widely in architecture. Older strip malls tend to have plain architecture with the stores arranged in a straight row. Newer strip malls are often built with elaborate architecture to blend in with the neighborhood or be more attractive. In some cases, strip malls are broken up into smaller buildings to encourage walking. Sometimes the buildings will wrap around the parking lot to hide the parking from the road or residential areas.

Magneto Mall Management
The Mall Mall, first multiple and shopping mall of international level in Bilaspur, constructed under the joint coordination of renowned business establishment of the State, Avinash Group and Ramakrishna Group had been opened for public from December2. The people of Bilaspur especially young generations and teenagers will get the opportunity of world class entertainment, shopping, fun, luxury, and food fiesta.

Attractions:
MALL FACT FILE
The Mall, is an apogee of lifestyle distinction, it offers not only unprecedented scale in terms of its size but also an experience of unparalleled retail mix combined with the entertainment and leisure attractions that will change the concept of shopping mall experience.The Mall - Bilaspur will be the first mall in the city.
With the best location, a flat '1.5 ' km from city Centre and a 3 Road approach makes it very approachable and convenient. The mall offers a wide range of facilities including Well known international and domestic retail brands, Anchor stores, Hypermarket, Four-screen multiplex cinema, Restaurants and coffee shops, Food court, Fitness and wellness centre, Gaming Zone, Bowling alley, Indoor & outdoor Entertainment park, Kids play zone, Corporate zone, 3 Star Hotel, etc. With two basement levels, the mall also has more than 250 car parking spaces and offers amenities such as wide atrium spaces, high speed elevators and escalators, multiple entry/exits. With state of the art facilities for shopping, entertainment, food, fitness and luxury brand shopping it is a true 'Destination Mall '.
CORPORATE
Business Centres define a whole new business paradigm. Regardless of your area of operation, choosing an office is a strategic decision based on a number of crucial factors like Location, Facilities, Infrastructure and Services. At The Mall, you will find all these and more. With the tremendous growth in infrastructure, Heavy Industries, Service sectors this could be yours desired space to grow by combining people, space, technology and a host of value added features; we provide an efficient and professional platform for your business.
ENTERTAINMENT
The Mall brings a whole new dimension to entertainment with the concept of new age concept and experience.
VIRTUAL SPORTS
INDOOR CAR RACING
SCARY HOUSE
FUNTASIA - Roman Theme Based Adventure Park
FOOD
"Tell me where you eat, I 'll tell you who you are." ~ Anthelme Brillat-Savarin
From quick to fun to trendy to truly fine dining, you 'll certainly find something to tempt the palate and satisfy every whim among our restaurants and eateries. Bon Appétit!
EATOPIA- The Food Court
LARGEST MULTI CUISINE FOOD COURT WITH 10 COUNTERS OFFERING NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL TASTE
Formal Dining
Indian Chilly Restaurant
Thali Restaurant.
Casual Dining
Dominos
Ten Downing Street
Brewberry 's Cafe
Food Joints
Newzealand Natural 's Ice- cream, Stone Age Ice- cream, Act II.

GAMING
The fun and excitement never stops at The Mall, the enthralling "Hungama Gaming Zone" at the 2nd level at The Mall is offering games galore. A mind-boggling variety of imaginative and innovative hi-tech games, simulated adventure games, recreational activities and much more are just what can give you that adrenaline rush as you don the role of a serious gamer… Age no bar! Hungama is ‘the entertainment hub’ for kids, teenagers and adults alike. It’s a great place to socialize and meet up with friends and let your hair down like never before.
HEALTH & AWARENESS
The saying goes, health is wealth. Healthy living is not a difficult step; it is merely about making small changes in lifestyle, like working out, yoga and eating just right.
Fitness and Health have become an integral part of our life. Thus The Mall has latest facilities like Full fledged Gymnasium, Spa and Slimming Centre. A separate room for Yoga and meditation complete the requisite infrastructure for a better living.
MOVIES
The Mall Mall serves the entertainment needs of its patrons and their families with the Four Screen Multiplex at the second level. The multiplex with a seating capacity of 900 delivers the finest cinema viewing experience. Enjoy the interplay of stunning visuals and Dolby sound in the cool comfort of the state-of-the-art theatres with swanky interiors, plush high-backed reclining seats and unparalleled leg rooms.
PVR Cinemas (Coming Soon)
5D Cinema Theatre (Coming Soon)
SHOPPING
The Mall has been designed as a name synonymous with luxury - offering a unique shopping experience where the accent is on exclusivity, space and aesthetics. There is simply no other place where such a variety of branded and premium merchandise, lifestyle products and goods are showcased under one elegant roof. Utmost care has been taken to offer brands with tremendous value and style at the same time. Shopping in Bilaspur will never be the same again.
Lower Ground Floor
EASYDAY Market
Ground Floor
Reliance Trends
Pantaloons
Stellar Furniture
Metro Shoes
Blackberrys Menswear
Lee
Denizen
Levis
Samsonite
Louis Philippe
The Titan Shop
Peter England
John Players
RayBan
Roxton
Chique Fashion
Timex
First Floor
Reliance Footprints
Wrangler
Lawman
Integriti
The Titan Shop
ClubFox
Eteenz Kidswear
Tata Rafael
Arya 24 KT
Justi
WOT
Natural Club
Divine Silk
My Pleasure
Shubhkamna
Crystal Gallery
Fashion Park
Import Bazaar
Second Floor
Red Moments
Pisces Fish Spa
They take up individual “LEASING” as their assignments as THEY ARE NOT PROPERTY AGENTS. They follow the philosophy of “Retail is Detail”. They work on every project to the minutest detail, which clearly shows the persuasive & perseverance of the services, They manage. Their eye for detail in every segment can be understood with the amount of interest they take in every segment of development.
Success of every business enterprise depends on its human resource. Money, material and machines are inert factors; but man with his ability to feel, think, conscience and plan is the most valuable resource. At the same time human elements are most difficult to be inspired, controlled and motivated. The upcoming competition in India, will demand high motivational level of its employees.

Growth of an enterprise is vital for the economic development of the country. This is possible only by maintaining the enthusiasm and motivation of the employees, which is vital for carrying out the operations in most efficient manner. The most successful companies, all over the world have designed their business policies to achieve higher productivity by using potentiality and strength of people.

The basic aim of human policies is the genuine concern for the people. Proper design of human policies is based on the higher responsibilities, personal and positive approach in the total perspective of organisational interest. The world 's best companies have established their strength with their people. The employees identify themselves with the company they are working for. This also help in building up their spirit, morale and espirit-de-cops which becomes strength of the company. The culture of excellence thus nurtured contribute to growth with stability and continuous improvement in productivity. Finding the right man for the job and developing him into a valuable resource is an indispensable requirement of every organisation. Human resources are capable of enlargement i.e. capable of providing an output that is greater than the sum of the inputs. Proper recruitment helps the line managers to work most effectively in accomplishing the primary objective of the enterprise. In order to harness the human energies in the service or organisational goals, every manager is expected to pay proper attention to recruitment, selection, training, development activities in an organisation. Proper promotional avenues must also be created so as to motivate employees to peak performance. Thus, personnel functions such as manpower planning recruitment, selection and training, when carried out properly, would enable the organisation to hire and retain the services of the best brains in the market. The human resource management is very crucial in respect of information technology services than other manufacturing or marketing enterprises. The services are technical in nature and at every stage the human touch is involved. Hence it is well motivated and devoted manpower which is very much essential.
Separate marketing team for offering and inviting the brands for shops available in mall.
Housekeeping department for cleaning and maintenance.
Security department for two shifts of a day.
Lift availability with liftman for cleaning and operating.
Plumber to operate and look after all water connections and purification system, etc. And also AC operator for handling cooling system.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

The Mall mall have 40 employees. All branded shops are available under one roof
Which are on lease or rented under mall supervision and rules of commission on their sales and profit, some of them buy shop as per their convenience. Total 80-85 shops are available; each floor has 30 shops only 4-5 left to be rented or for selling purpose. Third floor is under construction which is sold for palika bazaar and PVR cinema section also coming soon.

The above mentioned shops- of which shops like: pantaloon, blackberry’s menswear, lee, etc. are called as Anchor shop.
The small shops like newzealand coffee, timex watches, titan watches, are called as kiosk.
EASYDAY market –Hypermarket.
And small showroom shops are called as vanilla shop.

Fragments are designed according to customer convenience as per mall marketing and mall development.
Origin:
This has developed in 1970 's and combines the features of a supermarket and a general merchandise store. In an article in Harvard Business Review, it was stated thus: “the key difference between the supermarket and hyper market concept lies in the breadth of consumer needs to be filled”.
Hyper Market is a very large store with a selling area of at least 25,000 sq. ft,, that is at least twice the size of large super market. Hyper markets sell wide range of foodstuffs plus a fairly large range of other goods. They are also, as super markets-but entirely-based on 'self-service” principles. They are however, usually situated on the edge of towns (dreferably for the purposes of getting large working area). Their advantages are low coAfter having selected the most suitable person in the organization trough the application of scientific techniques, the next important function of the personnel management is to arrange for their training. No organization can choose whether or not to train the employees, the only choice method to be employed. If no planned programme of training is established, the employee may engage himself in self-training by trial and error or by observing others an thus training cost would not have been eliminated. In absence of a systematic training programme, the training costs would be rater higher. The interest of labour and management should be close, if not identical if a sound training programme is reestablished in the organization. All types of jobs require some type of training for their efficient performance and therefore all employees new or old should be trained or retrained. Every new employee, regardless of his previous training, education and experience needs to be introduced to the work-environment of is new employer and to be taught how to perform specific tasks. Moreover, specific occasions for retraining arise when an employee is transferred, or promoted or when jobs change an new skills must be learnt. The training is valuable to the employee in terms of better nob security an greater opportunity for advancement.st, and large turnover etc. in short, hyper markets are 'giant-sized ' Workers ' participation is crucial for better results in an organization
It helps in developing a technology to resolve conflict and to achieve constructive cooperation among the partners of production. Workers ' participation in India can be dated as far back as 1920 when workers and employers in the Ahmadabad textile industry agreed to settle disputes by mutual discussion. However, ti was not until 1947 that it achieved some acceptance when the Government of India enacted the Industrial Dispute Act with the dual purpose of privation and settlement of industrial disputes. Under the provision of the Act works committees were appointed to “remove cause of friction between the employer and the workmen in the day-to-day working of the establishment and to promote measures of securing amity and good reaction between them”. Subsequently, the Joint Management council was launched by the Tripartite Indian Labour Conference in 1957 with the purpose of improving working conditions, productivity, communication, general administration of laws and collective agreement, of encouraging suggestions from work Personnel administration is a code of the ways of organizing and treating individuals at work so that they will each get the greatest possible realization of their intrinsic abilities thus attaining maximum efficiency for themselves and their group, and thereby giving to the enterprise of which they are a part its determining competitive advantage and its workers and creating among them a sense of participation, supermarkets.
Personnel Manger is a staff officer whose function is to provide special services to the line officers and advices and counsel them on personnel problems. He is an exponent of a point of view and methods designed to help line managers in getting effective results through people. He cannot establish policies and make divisions himself; he has to advice the line Manger, the final decision resting with the latter. Managing people is the heart and essence.
(a) Staff functions

(b) Service functions

(c) Functional activities

(d) Welfare activities.

The most difficult and the important function of personnel management is to fix the wage rates for each job in the resignation and it is not possible unless the relative worth of jobs is known. In order to determine the relative worth of the job in comparison to other jobs in the organizations, job evaluation is the most current and systematic technique. In other words it is a formal system of determining base compensation of jobs. The main objective of this technique is to ascertain the relative worth of the job through an objective evaluation so that relative compensation may be fixed for each job. Ever since the factory system, production mangers have devoted a great deal of time and effort to the physical organisation of the manufacturing plant. During the 19th century the average employer in his efforts to reduce costs centralized his attention upon management and machines, while manpower was looked upon as a comparatively cheap commodity to be bought and employed to make things which the employer could sell and so add to bis personal wealth. The very motive of production seemed to have been for the benefits of the privileged few, the common man did not appeal to have any place in the scheme of things. Near the close of the 19th century a few more enterprising employers had their attentions attracted to the human element the most important factor in production. During more recent years, particularly in the last 25 years, the humanitarian conception of labour has gripped the imagination of employers. It is reallied that the minds of the workers as well as their bodies must be considered by management and that the state of their minds has much to do with the value of their services. The human approach states that the workers have certain inalienable rights as human beings, that these rights are as important as the rights of the persons, and that it is industry 's duty to recognise these rights.
It is gratifying to note that some of the Indian employers are beginning to realize that the Personnel Management is a fourth major division of Business Management, and that it is as important as Finance, Manufacturing and sales. The Personnel Manger should therefore rank equally with the other executives, operating under the supervision of and directly responsible to the General Manger or the Chief Executive.
A hypermarket is a superstore combining a supermarket and a department store. The result is an expansive retail facility carrying a wide range of products under one roof, including full groceries lines and general merchandise. In theory, hypermarkets allow customers to satisfy all their routine shopping needs in one trip.
Hypermarkets, like other big-box stores, typically have business models focusing on high-volume, low-margin sales. A typical Wal-Mart Supercenter covers anywhere from 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) to 235,000 square feet (21,800 m2) and a typical Carrefour covers 20,000 m² (210,000 square feet). They generally have more than 200,000 different brands of merchandise available at any one time. Because of their large footprints, many hypermarkets choose suburban or out-of-town locations that are easily accessible by automobile.
An anchor store, draw tenant, anchor tenant, or key tenant is one of the larger stores in a shopping mall, usually a department store or a major retail chain.
When the planned shopping mall format was developed by Victor Gruen in the early to mid 1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller stores in the mall as well. Anchors generally have their rents heavily discounted, and may even receive cash inducements from the mall to remain open. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic exposure for other stores when shoppers walk from one anchor to another.
The International Council of Shopping Centers makes the presence of anchors one of the main defining characteristics of the two largest categories of malls, the regional center with 400,000 to 800,000 square feet (74,000 m2) in gross leasable area, and the superregional center with more than 800,000 square feet (74,000 m2) of space. The regional center typically has two or more anchors, while the superregional typically has three or more. In each case, the anchors account for 50-70% of the mall 's leasable space.
Malls with anchor stores have consistently outperformed those without one, as the anchor helps draw shoppers initially attracted to the anchor to shop at other stores in the mall.
Meridian Mall in Dunedin, with the logos of the two anchor tenants, Kmart New Zealand and Arthur Barnett displayed on the upper walls
Early on, grocery stores were a common type of anchor store, since they are visited often. However, research on consumer behavior revealed that most trips to the grocery store did not result in visits to surrounding shops. As of 2005, the declining popularity of old-line department stores makes it necessary for mall management companies to consider re-anchoring with other retail alternatives, or mix commercial development with residential development to guarantee a captive clientele. The challenges faced by the traditional large department stores have led to a resurgence in the use of supermarkets as anchors.
Anchor stores are larger department stores that are used to provide a major point of interest for a shopping mall or center. Sometimes referred to as a draw tenant or key tenant, the anchor store is usually a well-known chain store that is popular with consumers. The presence of an anchor store can entice consumers to visit the shopping center or mall, and possible continue to shop at the smaller stores in the complex after visiting the anchor store.
The idea of an anchor store predates the establishment of shopping malls in the middle of the 20th century. Prior to that time, the concept of the shopping center usually included one key store or tenant that could draw consumers to visit the center. The expectation was that the smaller stores in the center would sell goods and services that were complimentary to but not in competition with the goods and services offered by the anchor store. As a result, consumers could possibly complete their shopping without having to spend hours traveling from one part of town to another.
Vanilla tenants have often been sidelined in the rush to secure powerful anchors, but developers are now increasingly using vanilla store leasing strategies for balancing and improving returns from their shopping centres. How far can we favour the vanilla store to add flavour to the centre mix and its ability to provide real diversity to the customer? Do we need to introduce differential rentals based on category/ format/ brand? Is it implementable?

Kiosk is a small, separated garden pavilion open on some or all sides.
An information kiosk (or information booth) dispenses free information in the form of maps, pamphlets, and other literature, and/or advice offered by an attendant.

Mall segmentation of The Mall mall:
Lower basement-well maintained parking with provision of comfort and ease, with dust outlet adjusting funnel and air passage. Also plants of cooling apparatus with chillers basin along with water pumps of 730 kg weight and water treatment machines to reduce hardness and salt treatment technique. Connections of sprinkler shower of water when fire indicators provide signal, the cast readily burst when temperature rise as compare to particular temperature, in case of fire. (hydrogen and sprinkler jockey-fire extinguishing purpose) Chillers system separate for EASYDAY market and PVR where water temperature lowered to eight degree that makes premises cool.

Upper basement-EASYDAY (Hypermarket), Dainik bhaskar’s stall, (education camp) with some schemes, competition, games, etc. for participants, which is temporary event. Also book stall with varieties of books for all groups of people like story books, bestsellers, subject wise, competition books, novels, etc. and electric meters separate for every shop, no. and code wise with separate bill provisions which is no entry room for general public and customers rather than committee members and department heads and qualified workers, etc. also one another separate room for cctv camera setup and checking room. Total 75 camera’s available and 6 DVR (digital video recorders) where minimum 10 days data can be stored which can be accessed through one confidential web address. Disc is of 1tega byte capacity, facility for 24 hrs. camera on where it is operated with the help of PC+ Controller and special apparatus.

FLOOR WISE DESCRIPTION:-
Lower basement- 25 cameras
Upper basement- 15 cameras
Ground floor- 14 cameras
First floor- 12 cameras
Second floor- 9 cameras

Every DVR have special ip no. or name, for The Mall 11-16 ip addresses are available.
BMS (building management system) regulated by qualified members and in charge for every unit such as smoke detector, cameras, etc. Here also human resource is necessary.
Ground floor- Entrance with metal & mobile or any abuse material detectors. And reception for inquiry and things if forgotten by chance in the mall and to submit material, if any. Here domino’s pizza, blackberry showroom, etc. are available for customers at one place and convenience.

First floor- management office, pantaloon, reliance trends, lee, kids wear showroom, Disco-pub (under-construction), import bazaar, Fashion Park, chillies restaurant, women collection, etc.

Second floor- Entertainment and food zone: video games, other games, ice-cream, various food items.

Third floor- Forthcoming palika bazaar as because there is no scope for offices like banks, insurance companies, etc. in bilaspur city mall therefore decided to go with palika bazaar. The whole floor is under construction, the work still is in progress.

EASYDAY HYPERMARKET:-

Easyday is brand of wall mart and bharati collaboration. Bharati have 74% share of profit margins, revenue and wall mart’s 24%. It is prince of retail sector.

It has four departments:
Food- Grocery and General/Non-veg./Frozen items
General merchandise
Apparels
Cash office
It is not a franchisee store rather whole management is through company only.
Its work is based on perpetual inventory. It describes systems of inventory where information on inventory quantity and availability is updated on a continuous basis as a function of doing business. This is accomplished by connecting the inventory system with order entry and in retail the point of sale system. The current balance of inventory is sustained daily by the addition of inventory to the account when goods received and the deduction from the account when they are used. This method, as opposed to a yearly or monthly calculation, allows for a company to have more timely and accurate data on inventories.

Perpetual inventory (pi)

Manual or computerised machine based system Physical
There is one special machine of wall mart called TELXON for inventory system. It has tower like mobile network, price can automatically change shown in the system.
Here physically challenged persons, retired personnel, college dropout, school dropout people are appointed as an employee which is firm’s social responsibility as far as human resource concern.
Attendance is taken through punch card system where leaves are counted.
Employees-90, Area-31,400 sq feet (rent payment by per sq feet).
CSR activity- Park cleanliness, blood donation, every Saturday management games, employee birthday- cake cutting. Aisle row challenge game conducted monthly. They give importance on care, courage, training and development process.

They focus on-
Visual merchandising focused in Easyday market, Visual merchandising covers all the necessity to capture the attention of the customers by all means from the facade of the store to the location of each product inside the store. To capture attention, awaken the senses, provide the customers a wonderful buying experience which will bring them back to the store for the next time and become a loyal customer and make more sales are the major concern of an effective visual merchandising.
To let the customer notice features of particular product that want to be noticed the visual merchandising is focused, to focal point at eye level of viewers to high lightened the features of products for sale. Strong displays have visual balance. Dark colors appear heavier than light ones and large objects appear heavier than small ones. Position larger, darker items near the bottom of a display, with lighter items at the top to avoid a top heavy appearance. Placing too many items or heavy looking items on one side will also make your display appear unbalanced. Ensure that there is a left to right balance emanating from the focal point of the display.
Dynamite Displays
Merchandise displays generally take one of these three basic forms:
1. Storefront Window Displays
These usually open on to a street or shopping centre walkway and are designed to attract people passing by that might not otherwise enter the store.
2. Showcase Displays
These typically feature items that are too valuable for display in the storefront, or niche items of high interest to the business 's core clientele. These displays are usually located in high traffic areas and are typically multi- tiered product display with a sliding door for clerk 's access.
3."Found-Space" Displays
These product presentations that occupy small but usable areas of the store, such as the tops of product carousels.
A good visual merchandising display is one that focuses on one product or a small family of products. Putting too many diverse kinds of products in the same visual display area can result in the display being confusing to customers. For example, if you want to put the newest inkjet printer on display to boost sales, consider also displaying accessories such as ink and printer cables. However, trying to include computers and related accessories in the display can result in a cluttered look that distracts attention away from the printer.
The most effective visual marketing displays are arranged at 90-degree angle to the customer as opposed to lying flat on a counter,
Using displays of a uniform height creates a flat display horizon. When you do this, all of your displays can blend together and customers can lose interest. To maintain your customers ' attention, use varying heights and colours to help each display stand out.
Popular products will draw consumer attention and help to sell other items in and near the display. However, for the display to be effective, the high-revenue product should be the display 's main focus. One way to determine product positioning is to allocate display space based on revenue ratios. For example, if a particular coffee maker generates 20 percent of your store 's coffee maker revenue, then that model should receive 20 percent of the visual merchandising space.
The main purpose of visual merchandising is to create a logical and visually pleasing environment that will capture consumer attention and translate into increased sales. Retailers must create an environment that attracts the customer, is comfortable to shop in, and encourages the customer to return. The basics of visual merchandising include a clean, well lit store, with products displayed in orderly groupings. However, visual merchandising delves a lot deeper, focusing on the psychology and motivations of the target customer. Your entire store concept must be built around your target customers. You can have the most unique and creative store on the planet, but if it isn’t consistent with what your customers desire and expect, then the effect will be lost.
Here are the tips for effective visual merchandising, focused on sensory input.
Seeing – According JP Terlizzi, Executive Creative Director of Medallion Retail, staging the merchandise in your store using marketing or product-related themes will help make the visual campaign pleasing to the eye. The more often this campaign changes and the stronger it’s tied to the product inspiration, the more successful and memorable your brand will be. Another effective way to captivate the sense of sight is to deliver the unexpected — stage the merchandise to deliver pure surprise and visual delight to passersby.
Use is wobbling instead of static shelve-talker or display moving items rather than those that not moving to get your items noticed because “movement” naturally captures more attention of anybody.

Hearing – You may question why hearing becomes part of “visual” merchandising, but I tell you, it is indirect part but it adds impact. What you’re going to do when selling Sony home theater systems, Samsung 3D TVs, Philips DVD players or even just a chime? How could you get the attention of your customers without the sound? Let those items with sound be heard, but of course, you shouldn’t play all of them at the same time. Music also has the power to entertain people of all ages; make sure to music played in your store. Smelling – If you’re selling oranges, try to use air humidifiers with citrus scent. Or, you can add classic aroma in your store and please avoid using strong-smelled air freshener and naphthalene or moth balls in your store.
On his article about sensory shopping, JP Terlizzi also mentioned that studies have shown that 75% of our emotions are generated by smell, women are more sensitive to smell than men and customers will stay 40% longer in fragrant places. One of the examples he had given is the signature scent of Abercrombie and Fitch and Anthropologies pumping through the store, and the smell lingers outside the store, triggering a connection in customers as they walk by.
Touching – Allow your customers to feel the texture of your products. Let them experience how soft, how hard, how smooth, how rough, how sticky or how dry your products are. According to Mr. Jared Schiffman on a his words about Perch Interactive, research into consumer buying patterns shows 67% of consumers are ready to buy after touching and sampling products physically before purchase.

Tasting – This is especially good for those who selling food and drinks. This is quite on another level of merchandising but is still oftentimes difficult to detach from visual merchandising.
Products that are in high demand should be given priority in your visual displays over products that are not. Popular products will draw consumer attention and help to sell other items in and near the display. However, for the display to be effective, the high-revenue product should be the display 's main focus. One way to determine product positioning is to allocate display space based on revenue ratios. For example, if a particular coffee maker generates 20 percent of your store 's coffee maker revenue, then that model should receive 20 percent of the visual merchandising space.
The main purpose of visual merchandising is to create a logical and visually pleasing environment that will capture consumer attention and translate into increased sales. Retailers must create an environment that attracts the customer, is comfortable to shop in, and encourages the customer to return. The basics of visual merchandising include a clean, well lit store, with products displayed in orderly groupings. However, visual merchandising delves a lot deeper, focusing on the psychology and motivations of the target customer. Your entire store concept must be built around your target customers. You can have the most unique and creative store on the planet, but if it isn’t consistent with what your customers desire and expect, then the effect will be lost.
Visual merchandising requires analysis and planning. Before you begin adjusting the design, display and merchandising of your store, you must have a clear understanding of the image you wish to project, and understand the demographics of the local community. What age groups are represented? What is the average income? What lifestyle do they currently live and/or aspire to? What interests them? Identify the type of individual you hope to appeal to and work out the best way to attract them. Look at competitors within your market to see if there is a void you can fill. Whatever approach you take, understanding who it is that you are appealing to and the message you wish to convey to them, will make your displays more effective and easier to create.
Visual merchandising begins outside your store. Posters covering the door and windows, hand-written signs, bad lighting and shabby displays send the message that your business isn 't serious. If your store looks bargain basement, customers will expect bargain basement prices. Poor presentation may lead customers to assume that your product is poor quality as well. Your storefront must build your image and tell the right story about who you are as a retailer. Take a look at your storefront and try to see it as the customer would see it. What do you notice? What is lacking? Make some notes on possible improvements you could make to better achieve the image you want for your store.
Sameness and mediocrity are ubiquitous in most retail store designs today. There is a distinct lack of innovation and creative flair. Too many retailers look at a successful store chain, and then try to copy its look. If you can 't separate yourself and be better than the competition, you might as well just go and work for them. You must give the customer as many reasons as possible to shop in your store. If you look the same, or worse, than the competition, then the customer will be less attracted to your store.
Zoning- Zoning a mall by allotting floors on the basis of category, which is a trend fast catching up with real estate developers, is going to hit retail sales of the retailers located on the upper floors by up to 50%, according to analysts.

As per the zoning concept, each floor in a shopping mall will have specific retail categories.
In a storage area network (SAN), zoning is the allocation of resources for device load balancing and for selectively allowing access to data only to certain users. Essentially, zoning allows an administrator to control who can see what in a SAN.
Cross merchandise- Cross merchandising is the practice of marketing, or displaying products from different categories (or store departments) together, in order to generate additional revenue, known sometimes as add-on sales, or incremental purchase. This can often be done in conjunction with customer-centric strategies, aimed at improving the overall customer experience.
Product selection in most retail environments is based on consumer usage patterns. Retail stores will also sometimes categorize certain demographics of customers, such as hockey mom, students, techies, etc. in order to target product offerings more narrowly. Examples would include:
Displays, which may feature a complete clothing ensemble on a mannequin, or a complete set of furniture in a showcase window.
Merchandising, which involves the actual positioning or stocking of merchandise on shelves, pegs or other fixtures; batteries featured next to electronic items, Cross merchandising is a marketing strategy that makes it possible to generate sales for products that fall into different categories by linking them in the minds of consumers. In a retail setting, this can mean setting up displays that include two or more products that are different, but can logically be used together. The idea is to entice customers who came in to purchase a particular item to also purchase additional items that are on display in the same area and can be used in tandem with the first item.
Product arrangement-Product placement, or embedded marketing, is a form of advertisement, where branded goods or services are placed in a context usually devoid of ads, such as movies, music videos, the story line of television shows, or news programs. The product placement is not disclosed at the time that the good or service is featured.
Dusting-We encourage our retail store customers to dust monthly in those hard to reach spots where hazardous dust builds-up. Interior Care’s Service National Group is very qualified to deal with high and low dusting challenges.
If those hard to reach areas are left to collect dust, you are most likely creating poor air quality and increasing the risk of biological pollutants (mould, viruses, bacteria) circulating through the ventilation system affecting employees and customers.
Interior Care will work with store managers to carry out needed dusting during the off hours making sure that all retail clothing and products are covered from any falling dust. Every care is taken to reduce the amount of falling dust by utilizing vacuum units where possible.
Dusting services include:

• Dust / wipe skirting boards in all areas
• Dust all furniture, ornaments, bottles, glassware, table, chairs, counters, fixtures and fittings
• Dust all window and screen partitions
• Dust rails, screen tracks, and other wall fittings
• Dust security ceiling equipment
• Dust around all pictures and mirrors on store walls
• Dust light fittings and ceiling fans
• Dust steel ceiling structures/beams
• Dust electrical cables in the ceiling area
• Dust air ceiling air circulating vents
• Protecting products and equipment from falling dust
They look for food items temperature maintenance also avoid cross contamination, maintain chilled storage system. For example, distribution of pieces of non-veg. items such as chicken, prawns, fishes kept fresh and their life is not more than three days. Also to maintain inventory all the scrap and damaged materials dumped out. Sea-food and other non-veg. items packed separately with separate storage system and also the roasted and fried pieces and spicy fried pieces. 0-5 degree Celsius temperature maintained for dairy products. All food items which are ready to eat maintained at 21 degree temperature which start to degrade after 20 minutes. To keep all fruits and vegetables fresh, they stored in frozen unit and checked several times with proper packaging. Activities like games, dance, carnival, competitions are performed for customers many times.
POS-(point of sale) with scanning machine is available display screen for barcode readings also some attachments like digital keyboard-sign on for card swipe process and scanner for it. Point of sale (POS) (also sometimes referred to as point of purchase (POP) ) or checkout is the location where a transaction occurs. A "checkout" refers to a POS terminal or more generally to the hardware and software used for checkouts, the equivalent of an electronic cash register.
A POS terminal manages the selling process by a salesperson accessible interface. The same system allows the creation and printing of the receipt. EDC-(electronic data capture machine) for visa card, maestro card, etc. One tag on cloth for protection attached which is an antitheft machine. Here mainly quality control and assurance process are focused by company through mysterious auditing on which Easyday scaled.
Social activity-
Connect with Community for Creating Awareness among Citizens of Bilaspur to Conserve the Environment
36 employees and customers of easyday store volunteered in the initiative
85 Kg of debris removed and 70 saplings planted in Deendayal Upadhyay Garden
50 saplings distributed to easyday customers
Bilaspur, 25 June 2012: easyday Market store, owned and operated by Bharti Retail Ltd, organized a ‘Clean & Green’ drive today. To attain the environment sustainability, 36 employees of easyday store along with their customers cleaned and planted saplings in Deendayal Upadhyay Garden, Vyapar Vihar, Bilaspur.

Underscoring the commitment to serve the society, easyday Market store associates & customers initiated and removed 85 kg of debris from the Park near the store. 10 Customers of easyday participated in the plantation drive and planted 70 saplings. Further, 50 saplings were distributed to 50 customers of easyday store to carry forward the drive.

The effort of easyday was appreciated by the community to make Bilaspur clean & Green. The cleaning and plantation drive aligns with the company’s overarching goal of serving its customers beyond the easyday Market stores and work for the community for environment sustainability. Associates and customers of easyday Market store will continue to engage in initiatives to serve the people of Bilaspur.

WORKING PATTERN OF THE MALL MALL=>

Mall management with 40 employees especially housekeeping department personnel used to clean the whole premises stepwise as per segmentation and start with 9 o’clock, also they maintain the things to be neat and clean. Openings and arrangements of all the things kept so as to be easily viewed by the customers as per marketing strategies followed by every branded company.
Although they arrange the functions and events for proper marketing of their own brands individually, also the The Mall mall unit itself arrange special events for all age group customers to make their visit more enjoyable and fascinating with all fantasies like gaming, dancing, food fantasy and of course shopping with imported as well as branded shops.

BENEFIT:
They provide insurance facility for all employees according to government norms i.e., 300/- of employees and 5% company gives for medical treatments, accidents, etc.
That is known as EIS- employee insurance system.

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT:

There are no problems or issues regarding work or salary or between all employees as because that automatically managed with mutual understanding and if any issue arises than immediately the employee will kicked out from the firm due to abuse or any irrelevant activity. So problems solved as per firm clause and conditions.

Mainly HR is for cleaning department and security purpose. Rest are higher officials who are deciding the strategies and maintenance plan with construction of rest of the segments and shops which are already booked such as the disco-pub, paalika bazaar, PVR cinema, etc.

The total working hours are from nine a.m. morning to eleven p.m. evening but the housekeeping and security departments duties are divided into two shifts, for security night duty provision is available for whole premises. The separate locking system, for all shops are available with one of their own.
Liftmen for lifting customers and luggage separately and they clean it all the time as per requirement and operate lift. It has audio system where the announcement of floor is done for customer or every ones comfort.
The cooling system consists of an apparatus which contain trap doors for repairmen purpose in every floor with the facility where it makes inside air cool and throw hot air outside.
Fire detectors are attached in every point of pathways.
Electricity arrangement - different meters for every shop with its name for separate billing.

Advertisements, paintings, branding, innovation, creation is done by every company by their own ways in front of their shops. For example discounts, offers, gifts, schemes, etc.
Such as easyday market offered one mobile phone on purchase of one thousand rupees.
Separate plumber for all connections of such as water tanks, pumps, etc. all connections for water storage and for washrooms, etc.

RO TECHNOLOGY, AC AND CHILLERS SYSTEM:
(Mainly for customer health safety and comfort with hygiene also, for use)

As so many people visit mall to enjoy but due to their breathing and close premises due to cooling pattern it must not suffocate also to avoid water born diseases all such systems are implemented and available for all who belong to firm and visit.

Water pumps of 730 kg to pump water from the well to tanks kept on roof with chillers basin for cooling purpose. There are three domestic tanks of water out of which two are for basin and RO known as domestic tanks, and one is for fire flushing which goes to wc-cooling tower for chillers with water process and also one main tank is available.

They are stored in the third floor terrace where the water purification machine is placed i.e. purification of water with RO technology. This is explained with the help of diagram in next page.

It consists of water tanks, filters, and high pressure pumps. The water comes in the tank through pump and pass from the machine for purification.

For the membrane to be usable it must be in some type of container (membrane housing) so pressure can be maintained on its surface. It is this pressure that supplies the energy to force the water through the membrane, separating it from unwanted substances. The most amazing aspect of RO is that the substances left behind are automatically diverted to a waste drain so they don 't build up in the system as with conventional filtering devices. This is accomplished by using a part of the unprocessed water (feed water) to carry away the rejected substances to the drain, thus keeping the membrane clean. This is the reason to why RO membranes can last so long and perform like new with minimum maintenance even after years of operation.
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a membrane-technology filtration method that removes many types of large molecules and ions from solutions by applying pressure to the solution when it is on one side of a selective membrane. The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side.
To be “selective,” this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through the pores, but should allow smaller components of the solution to pass freely.
In the normal osmosis process, the solvent naturally moves from an area of low solute concentration (High water potential), through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration (Low water potential). The movement of a pure solvent to equalize solute concentrations on each side of a membrane generates osmotic pressure. Applying an external pressure to reverse the natural flow of pure solvent, thus, is reverse osmosis. The process is similar to other membrane technology applications. However, there are key difference between reverse osmosis and filtration.
Reverse osmosis is most commonly known for its use in drinking water purification, removing the salt and other substances from the water molecules. A semi permeable membrane coil used in desalination.
Osmosis is a natural process. When two liquids of different concentration are separated by a semi permeable membrane, the fluid has a tendency to move from low to high solute concentration for chemical potential equilibrium. Osmosis describes how solvent moves between two solutions separated by a permeable membrane to reduce concentration differences between the solutions. When two solutions with different concentrations of a solute are mixed, the total amount of solutes in the two solutions will be equally distributed in the total amount of solvent from the two solutions. Instead of mixing the two solutions together, they can be put in two compartments where they are separated from each other by a semi permeable membrane. The semi permeable membrane does not allow the solutes to move from one compartment to the other, but allows the solvent to move. Since equilibrium cannot be achieved by the movement of solutes from the compartment with high solute concentration to the one with low solute concentration, it is instead achieved by the movement of the solvent from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration. When the solvent moves away from low concentration areas, it causes these areas to become more concentrated. On the other side, when the solvent moves into areas of high concentration, solute concentration will decrease. This process is termed osmosis. The tendency for solvent to flow through the membrane can be expressed as "osmotic pressure", since it is analogous to flow caused by a pressure differential. Osmosis is an example of diffusion. In reverse osmosis, in a similar setup as that in osmosis, pressure is applied to the compartment with high concentration. In this case, there are two forces influencing the movement of water: the pressure caused by the difference in solute concentration between the two compartments (the osmotic pressure) and the externally applied pressure.

Water purification system (RO technology) of The Mall mall
Rain water collected from storm drains is purified with reverse osmosis water processors and used for landscape irrigation and industrial cooling in Los Angeles and other cities, as a solution to the problem of water shortages.
In industry, reverse osmosis removes minerals from boiler water at power plants. The water is boiled and condensed repeatedly. It must be as pure as possible so that it does not leave deposits on the machinery or cause corrosion. The deposits inside or outside the boiler tubes may result in under-performance of the boiler, bringing down its efficiency and resulting in poor steam production, hence poor power production at turbine.
It is also used to clean effluent and brackish groundwater. The effluent in larger volumes (more than 500 cu. meter per day) should be treated in an effluent treatment plant first, and then the clear effluent is subjected to reverse osmosis system. Treatment cost is reduced significantly and membrane life of the RO system is increased.
The process of reverse osmosis can be used for the production of deionized water.
RO process for water purification does not require thermal energy. Flow through RO system can be regulated by high pressure pump. The recovery of purified water depends upon various factors including membrane sizes, membrane pore size, temperature, operating pressure and membrane surface area.
Post-treatment consists of preparing the water for distribution after filtration. Reverse osmosis is an effective barrier to pathogens, however post-treatment provides secondary protection against compromised membranes and downstream problems. Disinfection by means of UV lamps (sometimes called germicidal or bactericidal) may be employed to sterilize pathogens which bypassed the reverse osmosis process. Chlorination or chloramination (chlorine and ammonia) protects against pathogens which may have lodged in the distribution system downstream, such as from new construction, backwash, compromised pipes, etc.
Pre-treatment is important when working with RO and nanofiltration (NF) membranes due to the nature of their spiral wound design.

The membranes used for reverse osmosis have a dense layer in the polymer matrix -- either the skin of an asymmetric membrane or an interfacially polymerized layer within a thin-film-composite membrane -- where the separation occurs. In most cases, the membrane is designed to allow only water to pass through this dense layer, while preventing the passage of solutes (such as salt ions). This process requires that a high pressure be exerted on the high concentration side of the membrane, usually 2–17 bar (30–250 psi) for fresh and brackish water, and 40–82 bar (600–1200 psi) for seawater, which has around 27 bar (390 psi).
Such systems typically include a number of steps: a sediment filter to trap particles, including rust and calcium carbonate.
Optionally, an ultra-violet lamp for sterilizing any microbes that may escape filtering by the reverse osmosis membrane. optionally, a second carbon filter to capture those chemicals not removed by the RO membrane.
RO filter is a thin film composite membrane.

(Standard purification system)
Higher Performance RO membranes Begin With Shorter Leaves
The heart of a reverse osmosis system is, of course, its membrane. Yet not all membranes are made the same. Different manufacturers fabricate their membranes differently. For example, spiral-bound membranes are comprised of membrane "leaves" —individual sheets of membrane through which feed water passes and is filtered. Some membrane brands have fewer and larger leaves. Some have more and shorter leaves. Short-leaf design costs more to fabricate, but is advantageous because less pressure is required to deliver water to the end of each leaf, and more uniform flux is maintained from one end of the leaf to the other. The result is a highly efficient membrane —one that provides safer drinking water and a longer life. For example, APEC 's high quality water is achieved by advanced reverse osmosis membranes which have up to twice as many leaves and each leaf is 1/3 to 2/3 shorter than those in other membranes. Besides the overall system design and the quality of parts used, the membrane is the reason why different ROs have different rejection capabilities. Flow Rate of Reverse Osmosis Systems
All reverse osmosis systems are rated (and priced) by their flow rates (Gallons of product water produces per day). The effectiveness and productivity of RO systems increase with greater water pressure and temperature. The actual flow rate (in GPD) of any reverse osmosis system depends on your home water pressure and temperature. This is why all of our systems are named as they are, for example: 36/45 GPD means it is rated at 36 GPD at 50 psi of water pressure, 45 GPD at 60 psi. While the industry standard* is set at 60 psi, we know that not everyone 's cold water is at 60 psi and 77 degrees F. Instead of misleading customers into thinking that a 45 GPD system will guarantee a flow rate of 45 GPD, we remind you that you might get less than 45 GPD —perhaps 36 GPD or even less if your pressure and temperature are very low! So when flow rate is critical for you, you need to consider all these factors.
*Please note that the industry standard is not necessarily followed by all vendors. We have seen other RO systems claiming 100 GPD at 100 psi —very unrealistic input water pressure!

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a membrane-technology filtration method that removes many types of large molecules and ions from solutions by applying pressure to the solution when it is on one side of a selective membrane. The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To be "selective," this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should allow smaller components of the solution (such as the solvent) to pass freely.
In the normal osmosis process, the solvent naturally moves from an area of low solute concentration (High Water Potential), through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration (Low Water Potential). The movement of a pure solvent to equalize solute concentrations on each side of a membrane generates osmotic pressure. Applying an external pressure to reverse the natural flow of pure solvent, thus, is reverse osmosis. The process is similar to other membrane technology applications. However, there are key differences between reverse osmosis and filtration. The predominant removal mechanism in membrane filtration is straining, or size exclusion, so the process can theoretically achieve perfect exclusion of particles regardless of operational parameters such as influent pressure and concentration. Reverse osmosis, however, involves a diffusive mechanism so that separation efficiency is dependent on solute concentration, pressure, and water flux rate. Reverse osmosis is most commonly known for its use in drinking water purification from seawater, removing the salt and other substances from the water molecules.
Reverse osmosis is the process of forcing a solvent from a region of high solute concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low solute concentration by applying a pressure in excess of the osmotic pressure. The largest and most important application of reverse osmosis is to the separation of pure water from seawater and brackish waters; seawater or brackish water is pressurized against one surface of the membrane, causing transport of salt-depleted water across the membrane and emergence of potable drinking water from the low-pressure side.
The membranes used for reverse osmosis have a dense layer in the polymer matrix -- either the skin of an asymmetric membrane or an interfacial polymerized layer within a thin-film-composite membrane -- where the separation occurs.
Membrane is designed to allow only water to pass through this dense layer, while preventing the passage of solutes (such as salt ions). This process requires that a high pressure be exerted on the high concentration side of the membrane, usually 2–17 bar (30–250 psi) for fresh and brackish water, and 40–82 bar (600–1200 psi) for seawater, which has around 27 bar (390 psi)[3] natural osmotic pressure that must be overcome. This process is best known for its use in desalination (removing the salt and other minerals from sea water to get fresh water), but since the early 1970s it has also been used to purify fresh water for medical, industrial, and domestic applications.
Osmosis describes how solvent moves between two solutions separated by a permeable membrane to reduce concentration differences between the solutions. When two solutions with different concentrations of a solute are mixed, the total amount of solutes in the two solutions will be equally distributed in the total amount of solvent from the two solutions. Instead of mixing the two solutions together, they can be put in two compartments where they are separated from each other by a semi-permeable membrane. The semi-permeable membrane does not allow the solutes to move from one compartment to the other, but allows the solvent to move. Since equilibrium cannot be achieved by the movement of solutes from the compartment with high solute concentration to the one with low solute concentration, it is instead achieved by the movement of the solvent from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration. When the solvent moves away from low concentration areas, it causes these areas to become more concentrated. On the other side, when the solvent moves into areas of high concentration, solute concentration will decrease. This process is termed osmosis. The tendency for solvent to flow through the membrane can be expressed as "osmotic pressure", since it is analogous to flow caused by a pressure differential. Osmosis is an example of diffusion.
In reverse osmosis, in a similar setup as that in osmosis, pressure is applied to the compartment with high concentration. In this case, there are two forces influencing the movement of water: the pressure caused by the difference in solute concentration between the two compartments (the osmotic pressure) and the externally applied pressure.

APPLICATION:
Drinking water purification.
Such systems typically include a number of steps: a sediment filter to trap particles, including rust and calcium carbonate optionally, a second sediment filter with smaller pores an activated carbon filter to trap organic chemicals and chlorine, which will attack and degrade TFC reverse osmosis membranes a reverse osmosis (RO) filter, which is a thin film composite membrane (TFM or TFC) optionally, a second carbon filter to capture those chemicals not removed by the RO membrane optionally an ultra-violet lamp for sterilizing any microbes that may escape filtering by the reverse osmosis membrane
In some systems, the carbon pre-filter is omitted, and cellulose triacetate membrane (CTA) is used. The CTA membrane is prone to rotting unless protected by chlorinated water, while the TFC membrane is prone to breaking down under the influence of chlorine. In CTA systems, a carbon post-filter is needed to remove chlorine from the final product, water.
Portable reverse osmosis (RO) water processors are sold for personal water purification in various locations. To work effectively, the water feeding to these units should be under some pressure (40 psi or greater is the norm). Portable RO water processors can be used by people who live in rural areas without clean water, far away from the city 's water pipes. Rural people filter river or ocean water themselves, as the device is easy to use (saline water may need special membranes). Some travelers on long boating, fishing, or island camping trips, or in countries where the local water supply is polluted or substandard, use RO water processors coupled with one or more UV sterilizers. RO systems are also now extensively used by marine aquarium enthusiasts. In the production of bottled mineral water, the water passes through an RO water processor to remove pollutants and microorganisms. In European countries, though, such processing of Natural Mineral Water (as defined by a European Directive[4]) is not allowed under European law. In practice, a fraction of the living bacteria can and do pass through RO membranes through minor imperfections, or bypass the membrane entirely through tiny leaks in surrounding seals. Thus, complete RO systems may include additional water treatment stages that use ultraviolet light or ozone to prevent microbiological contamination.
Membrane pore sizes can vary from 0.1 nanometres (3.9×10−9 in) to 5,000 nanometres (0.00020 in) depending on filter type. "Particle filtration" removes particles of 1 micrometre (3.9×10−5 in) or larger. Microfiltration removes particles of 50nm or larger. "Ultrafiltration" removes particles of roughly 3 nm or larger. "Nanofiltration" removes particles of 1 nm or larger. Reverse osmosis is in the final category of membrane filtration, "hyperfiltration", and removes particles larger than 0.1 nm.
Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Units are used on the battlefield and in training. Capacities range from 1,500 to 150,000 imperial gallons (6,800 to 680,000 l) per day, depending on the need. The most common of these are the 600 and 3,000 gallons per hour units; both are able to purify salt water and water contaminated with chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear agents from the water. During 24-hour period, at normal operating parameters, one unit can produce 12,000 to 60,000 imperial gallons (55,000 to 270,000 l) of water, with a required 4-hour maintenance window to check systems, pumps, RO elements and the engine generator. A single ROWPU can sustain a force the size of a battalion, or roughly 1,000 to 6,000 service members. Disinfection
Post-treatment consists of preparing the water for distribution after filtration. Reverse osmosis is an effective barrier to pathogens, however post-treatment provides secondary protection against compromised membranes and downstream problems. Disinfection by means of UV lamps (sometimes called germicidal or bactericidal) may be employed to sterilize pathogens which bypassed the reverse osmosis process. Chlorination or chloramination (chlorine and ammonia) protects against pathogens which may have lodged in the distribution system downstream, such as from new construction, backwash, compromised pipes, etc.
Therefore, due to its fine membrane construction, reverse osmosis not only removes harmful contaminants that may be present in the water, it also strips many of the good, healthy minerals from the water as well, thereby making the water quite acidic. Reverse Osmosis water is, in fact, so chemically unstable and acidic that in many countries national plumbing codes restrict water that has been filtered via reverse osmosis from being reintroduced into copper pipes due to its corrosiveness on the copper. This also has implications for reverse osmosis filtration systems that use steel storage tanks, as the acidity of the water can lead to the steel rusting over time and contaminating the post-filter water. Now, RO with electrodialysis to improve recovery of valuable deionized products or minimize concentrate volume requiring discharge or disposal.
Hence, In mall water purification with RO technology is done for safe purified drinking water facility for all the people.
Air Conditioning Plants For Mall
We are engaged in offering the air conditioning plants for malls. Fabricated using quality material, the plants are durable, highly efficient, easy to maintain and consume less power. The plants are energy saving and ensure good cooling capacity at rated parameters. Our range is checked on stringent quality.
Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning Plants
The chilled water types of central air conditioning plants are installed in the place where whole large buildings, shopping mall, airport, hotel, etc, comprising of several floors are to be air conditioned. While in the direct expansion type of central air conditioning plants, refrigerant is directly used to cool the room air; in the chilled water plants the refrigerant first chills the water, which in turn chills the room air.
In chilled water plants, the ordinary water or brine solution is chilled to very low temperatures of about 6 to 8 degree Celsius by the refrigeration plant. This chilled water is pumped to various floors of the building and its different parts. In each of these parts the air handling units are installed, which comprise of the cooling coil, blower and the ducts. The chilled water flows through the cooling coil. The blower absorbs return air from the air conditioned rooms that are to be cooled via the ducts. This air passes over the cooling coil and gets cooled and is then passed to the air conditioned space.
Various Parts of the Chilled Water Air Conditioning Plant
All the important parts of the chilled water air conditioning plant are shown in the above figure and described in detail below:
1) Central Air Conditioning Plant Room:
The plant room comprises of all the important components of the chilled water air conditioning plant. These include the compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and the evaporator or the chillers. The compressor is of open type and can be driven by the motor directly or by the belt via pulley arrangement connected to the motor. It is cooled by the water just like the automotive engine.
The condenser and the evaporator are of shell and tube type. The condenser is cooled by the water, with water flowing along the shell side and refrigerant along the tube side. The thermostatic expansion valve is operated automatically by the solenoid valve.
The evaporator is also called as the chillers, because it chills the water. If the water flows along the shell side and refrigerant on the tube side, it is called as the dry expansion type of chillers. If the water flows along tube side and the refrigerant along the shell side, it is called as the flooded chillers. The water chilled in the chillers is pumped to various parts of the building that are to be air conditioned. It enters the air handling unit, cools the air in cooling coil, absorbs the heat and returns back to the plant room to get chilled again. The amount of water passing into the chillers is controlled by the flow switch.
In the central air conditioning plant room all the components, the compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve, and the chillers are assembled in the structural steel framework making a complete compact refrigeration plant, known as the chillers package. Piping required to connect these parts is also enclosed in this unit making a highly compact central air conditioning plant.
There are two types of central air conditioning systems: Direct Expansion (DX) type of central air condition plants and Chilled Water type of the central air conditioning plants. In this series of articles both these plants and air handling units have been described.

1. Direct Expansion (DX) Type of Central Air Conditioning Plant or System
2. Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning Systems
3. Comparison of DX and Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning Plants
4. Air Handling Units or Fan Coil Units
5. Central Air Washer or Central Evaporative Air Cooling Plant chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapour-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This liquid can then be circulated through a heat exchanger to cool air or equipment as required.
In air conditioning systems, chilled water is typically distributed to heat exchangers, or coils, in air handling units or other type of terminal devices which cool the air in its respective space(s), and then the chilled water is re-circulated back to the chiller to be cooled again. These cooling coils transfer sensible heat and latent heat from the air to the chilled water, thus cooling and usually dehumidifying the air stream. A typical chiller for air conditioning applications is rated between 15 and 1500 tons (180,000 to 18,000,000 BTU/h or 53 to 5,300 kW) in cooling capacity, and at least one manufacturer can produce chillers up to 6,000 tons of cooling. Chilled water temperatures can range from 35 to 45 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 to 7 degrees Celsius).
Vapor-compression chiller technology
There are four basic types of compressors used in vapour compression chillers: Reciprocating compression, scroll compression, screw-driven compression, and centrifugal compression are all mechanical machines that can be powered by electric motors, steam, or gas turbines. They produce their cooling effect via the "reverse-Rankin" cycle, also known as 'vapour-compression '. With evaporative cooling heat rejection, their coefficients-of-performance (COPs) are very high; typically 4.0 or more.
Current vapour-compression chiller technology is based on the "reverse-Rankin" cycle known as vapour-compression. See the attached diagram which outlines the key components of the chiller system.
Key components of the chiller:
Refrigeration Compressors - are essentially a pump for refrigerant gas. The capacity of the compressor, and hence the chiller cooling capacity is measured in kilowatts input (kW), Horse Power input (HP), or volumetric flow (M3/hr ft3/hr). The mechanism for compressing refrigerant gas differs between compressors, and each has its own application. Common refrigeration compressors include Reciprocating, Scroll, Screw, or Centrifugal. These can be powered by electric motors, steam turbines or gas turbines. Compressors can have an integrated motor from a specific manufacturer, or be open drive - allowing the connection to another type of mechanical connection. Compressors can also be either Hermetic (welded closed) or semi-hermetic (bolted together).
In recent years, application of Variable Speed Drive (VSD) technology has increased efficiencies of vapour compression chillers. The first VSD was applied to centrifugal compressor chillers in the late 1970s and has become the norm as the cost of energy has increased. Now, VSDs are being applied to rotary screw and scroll technology compressors.
Condensers can be air cooled, water cooled, or evaporative. The condenser is a heat exchanger which allows heat to migrate from the refrigerant gas to either water or air. Air cooled condenser are manufactured from copper tubes (for the refrigerant flow) and aluminium fins (for the air flow). Each condenser has a different material cost and they vary in terms of efficiency. With evaporative cooling condensers, their coefficients-of-performance (COPs) are very high; typically 4.0 or more.
The expansion device or refrigerant metering device (RMD) restricts the flow of the liquid refrigerant causing a pressure drop which allows the refrigerant to change state from a warm liquid to a cold gas. The RMD is located immediately prior to the evaporator so that the cold gas in the evaporator can absorb heat from the water in the evaporator. There is a sensor for the RMD on the evaporator outlet side which allows the RMD to regulate the refrigerant flow based on the chiller design requirement.
Evaporators can be plate type or shell and tube type. The evaporator is a heat exchanger which allows the heat energy to migrate from the water stream into the refrigerant gas. During the state change from liquid to gas the refrigerant gas can absorb large amounts of heat without changing temperature.
New innovations in compressor technology have now given another option for commercial HVAC chillers. Danfoss has developed a magnetic bearing compressor that is beginning to re-define the market. Reliability is assured with almost 24,000 compressors produced between 2003-2012. A variable speed permanent magnet motor and intelligent electronic controls combine to create a sustainable energy efficient solution that is compact, lightweight and quiet. Many chiller manufacturers are beginning to incorporate this compressor technology as well. In older machines this new technology can also be used by Retrofitting the existing water barrels. How absorption technology works
The thermodynamic cycle of an absorption chiller is driven by a heat source; this heat is usually delivered to the chiller via steam, hot water, or combustion. Compared to electrically powered chillers, an absorption chiller has very low electrical power requirements - very rarely above 15 kW combined consumption for both the solution pump and the refrigerant pump. However, its heat input requirements are large, and its COP is often 0.5 (single-effect) to 1.0 (double-effect). For the same tonnage capacity, an absorption chiller requires a much larger cooling tower than a vapour-compression chiller. However, absorption chillers, from an energy-efficiency point-of-view, excel where cheap, high grade heat or waste heat is readily available. In extremely sunny climates, solar energy has been used to operate absorption chillers.
The single effect absorption cycle uses water as the refrigerant and lithium bromide as the absorbent. It is the strong affinity that these two substances have for one another that makes the cycle work. The entire process occurs in almost a complete vacuum.
1. Solution Pump : A dilute lithium bromide solution (63 % concentration) is collected in the bottom of the absorber shell. From here, a hermetic solution pump moves the solution through a shell and tube heat exchanger for preheating.
2. Generator : After exiting the heat exchanger, the dilute solution moves into the upper shell. The solution surrounds a bundle of tubes which carries either steam or hot water. The steam or hot water transfers heat into the pool of dilute lithium bromide solution. The solution boils, sending refrigerant vapor upward into the condenser and leaving behind concentrated lithium bromide. The concentrated lithium bromide solution moves down to the heat exchanger, where it is cooled by the weak solution being pumped up to the generator.
3. Condenser : The refrigerant vapor migrates through mist eliminators to the condenser tube bundle. The refrigerant vapor condenses on the tubes. The heat is removed by the cooling water which moves through the inside of the tubes. As the refrigerant condenses, it collects in a trough at the bottom of the condenser.
4. Evaporator : The refrigerant liquid moves from the condenser in the upper shell down to the evaporator in the lower shell and is sprayed over the evaporator tube bundle. Due to the extreme vacuum of the lower shell [6 mm Hg (0.8 kPa) absolute pressure], the refrigerant liquid boils at approximately 39°F (3.9°C), creating the refrigerant effect. (This vacuum is created by hygroscopic action - the strong affinity lithium bromide has for water - in the Absorber directly below.)
5. Absorber : As the refrigerant vapor migrates to the absorber from the evaporator, the strong lithium bromide solution from the generator is sprayed over the top of the absorber tube bundle. The strong lithium bromide solution actually pulls the refrigerant vapor into solution, creating the extreme vacuum in the evaporator. The absorption of the refrigerant vapor into the lithium bromide solution also generates heat which is removed by the cooling water. The now dilute lithium bromide solution collects in the bottom of the lower shell, where it flows down to the solution pump. The chilling cycle is now completed and the process begins once again.

WATER SOFTENING TECHNIQUE:
Water softeners “soften” water. They do this by removing hard water salts and replacing them with soft water equivalents in what is described as an “ion exchange” process. Softeners are ideal for treating most bore waters.
For salt removal and filtration process three filters called sand filter, carbon filter and resin/softener filter are placed in basement of The Mall mall where salt get charged in one tank for conversion of hard water to soft water.
Softeners have the ability to treat a set volume of water after which they need to be regenerated. The capacity – or volume capability of a water softener – will be determined by the type of water softener, the amount of water to be treated, the flow rate and the hardness of the water. Their flow rate capability is 25-30 litres per minute. If you need a higher flow rate or increased softening capacity between regenerations you’ll need a bigger water softener. There are several models to suit all requirements – domestic and commercial.
Most probably borewell has iron salts in it. Water, if drawn from it fresh, will be colourless and on keeping become pale white first, then yellow on keeping and then brown. If this water is stored further, there will be a brown layer at the bottom and the rest of the water will be clear. The problem is likely to be more acute is summer.
Water if the microscopic iron content is removed, is reasonably good drinking water.
The conventional method of removal of these iron salts used to be to put it in a tank through a sprinkler (like the shower hear), let it rest for some hours, then filter through a sand filter and take it to the overhead tank (OHT). The sand filter has to be periodically washed with good water to wash out the iron salts trapped by the sand filter, Nowadays, an alternate method is available where it is just passed through some media to remove the iron salts. But here too the media have to be washed in the reverse direction to remove the trapped salts.
If any water source contains iron salts, it is invariably in the form of water soluble iron salts. When this water is pumped out and exposed to air, the oxygen in the air converts the dissolved salts into insoluble salts which separate out as a brownish sediment. The conventional method of removing these dissolved salts is to expose them to sprinkle the pumped out water into a tank whereby it gets mixed thoroughly with air and keep it in the tank for some hours so that the conversion to the insoluble form is complete. This water is then filtered through a pressure sand filter (which retains the insoluble salts) and then used.
What is water softening?
When water contains a significant amount of calcium and magnesium, it is called hard water. Hard water is known to clog pipes and to complicate soap and detergent dissolving in water.
Water softening is a technique that serves the removal of the ions that cause the water to be hard, in most cases calcium and magnesium ions. Iron ions may also be removed during softening.
The best way to soften water is to use a water softener unit and connect it directly to the water supply.
What is a water softener?
A water softener is a unit that is used to soften water, by removing the minerals that cause the water to be hard.
Water softening is an important process, because the hardness of water in households and companies is reduced during this process.
When water is hard, it can clog pipes and soap will dissolve in it less easily. Water softening can prevent these negative effects.
Hard water causes a higher risk of lime scale deposits in household water systems. Due to this lime scale build-up, pipes are blocked and the efficiency of hot boilers and tanks is reduced. This increases the cost of domestic water heating by about fifteen to twenty percent.
Another negative effect of lime scale is that it has damaging effects on household machinery, such as laundry machines.
Water softening means expanding the life span of household machine, such as laundry machines, and the life span of pipelines. It also contributes to the improved working, and longer lifespan of solar heating systems, air conditioning units and many other water-based applications.
What does a water softener do?
Water softeners are specific ion exchangers that are designed to remove ions, which are positively charged.
Softeners mainly remove calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions. Calcium and magnesium are often referred to as 'hardness minerals '.
Softeners are sometimes even applied to remove iron. The softening devices are able to remove up to five milligrams per litre (5 mg/L) of dissolved iron.
Softeners can operate automatic, semi-automatic, or manual. Each type is rated on the amount of hardness it can remove before regeneration is necessary.

A water softener collects hardness minerals within its conditioning tank and from time to time flushes them away to drain.
Ion exchangers are often used for water softening. When an ion exchange is applied for water softening, it will replace the calcium and magnesium ions in the water with other ions, for instance sodium or potassium. The exchanger ions are added to the ion exchanger reservoir as sodium and potassium salts (NaCl and KCl).
BENEFITS:
Salt does not have the opportunity to enter drinking water through softening installations.
The only purpose of salt in a water softener is to regenerate the resin beads that take the hardness out of water.
Usually it is not necessary to clean out a brine tank, unless the salt product being used is high in water-insoluble matter, or there is a serious malfunction of some sort.
If there is a build-up of insoluble matter in the resin, the reservoir should be cleaned out to prevent softener malfunction.

Water softening
Among the substances dissolved in water, hardness is very commonly found. Hardness is a popular word to represent principally calcium and magnesium dissolved in the water; these ions can precipitate under certain conditions and form the scale that you may have seen in your boiling pan, and that can obstruct pipes and damage water boilers. The “softening” of water is the exchange of the hardness cations (Ca++ and Mg++) for another cation that cannot form scale because it is much more soluble: the sodium ion Na+.
To soften water, you take a cation exchange resin in which the mobile ion inside the beads is sodium (Na+) and you pass the hard water through a column filled with the sodium form resin. The hardness ions Ca++ and Mg++ move into the resin beads and each of these divalent cations is replaced by two sodium ions getting out of the resin. The exchange reaction can be written as:
2 RNa + Ca++ R2Ca + 2 Na+

Softening (sodium exchange) in a single resin bead The jug showed at the top of this page contains a small filter filled with activated carbon and ion exchange resin.
Ion exchange is a very powerful technology to remove impurities from water and other solutions. Many industries depend on ion exchange for the production of extremely pure water.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MALL:
Availability of Parking
Parking is one of the major hassles for people who go into the city to shop. Shopping at malls eliminates this problem, because parking is provided either free of charge or for a nominal fee. Shopping malls incorporate vast parking areas into their design and construction. This makes it advantageous for people to choose to shop at a mall rather than a single store. Families who choose to visit a mall on the weekend or holiday for a family outing find it to be a more convenient option mainly because parking is provided.
One-Stop Shopping and Entertainment Center
Visiting a mall is advantageous because of the numerous stores housed in one complex. Groceries, clothes, shoes, reading material, food courts, cinemas and entertainment arcades are available in one place. It is possible to spend an entire day out at the mall, shopping, eating, taking in a movie or playing games. Malls make great meeting places for friends to catch up over coffee at a café or a meal at the food court. Families get to do their weekly shopping, pick up odds and ends and keep the kids entertained at the mall.

Inconveniences of a Mall
One of the major disadvantages of shopping malls is their inconveniences. These include excessive crowding, especially on weekends and holidays. Sometimes it seems that everyone has the same idea---to congregate at the mall. Crowded aisles and stores make shopping very difficult; people often end up forgetting items they needed to buy. Senior citizens with mobility problems may have difficulty in traversing the mall, because of the largeness of the place. Parking can also be a problem when the mall is very crowded.
Shopping Malls are a Drain on Resources
Shopping malls incorporate a large number of products and services inside them. It is not always easy to go to a shopping mall and exit with only what you came to purchase. The temptation to browse is always present, and browsing often leads to buying things that are not needed. Keeping to a monthly budget becomes increasingly difficult every time you visit the mall. With all the sales and special offers intended to tempt buyers, saying "no" becomes very hard.
Malls are an easy and convenient addition to society. With the presence of multiple stores in the same location, consumers can buy their material needs and wants without leaving the single overarching structure.
Malls, however, are a symbol of materialism and are able to generate a wealth of capital simply by displaying itself as a social hub. Many corporations place their retail stores in malls because of the large numbers of people visiting malls on a daily basis. Attractive window displays, customer greetings, and special mall sales all play a part in luring customers into spending money.
Malls often house well-established franchises, eliminating competition from small businesses. As malls become larger, they reduce the customers ' needs and desires for stand-alone stores, causing them to shop at malls where they are likely to purchase items they did not intend and thus spend more money. By bringing together popular franchises and chains, malls show the consumer what they should want and buy in order to elevate their social status and appearance.
Mall management is a huge movement in more developed and matured markets, especially where the mall culture has evolved significantly.
Australia, the United States and many European countries come readily to mind this in this context. In India, the phenomenon of mall management is now approximately five years old.
Typically, the Indian psyche is skewed towards self-sufficiency, and many mall owners had, in the past, addressed mall management as a simple facilities management function. However, with the increase in competition, quite a few developers have started outsourcing the overall management of their malls to professional agencies. This trend is likely to catch up as the battle for footfalls in malls gets bloodier.
Mall management in India began with simple facilities management functions, which basically encompassed the operation and maintenance of malls. However, the scope of mall management services has by now been elevated to shopping centre management, which very few companies have upgraded their capabilities to in the current scenario. The expectations of clients are now on complete shopping center management, which is a drastic shift from the earlier model.
There are various business models on which mall management service providers operate. The most basic model is based on a fixed management fee and a small variable component. In this model, the service provider acts a manager on behalf of the mall owners at a relatively low risk quotient. A more evolved business model is based on the reimbursement of operation costs in addition to a pre-defined profit margin, in return for which the service provider has to perform and collect monies from the occupiers so that the cycle of revenues and expenditures is moderated from beginning to end.
To amplify on this new model – there is a fixed chargeable component to a mall management service provider’s fees, which covers a certain portion of the outgoings and also encompasses a margin of profit. Lately, a variable component has been introduced which is a function of the enhancement of the mall’s revenue generation by virtue of these services, and also the collection of monies from the occupiers.
The scope for mall management in India today is tremendous to say the least. As of now, there are many companies with mall development aspirations who have ambitious plans for swamping the Indian retail market in the near-to-distant future, especially in Tier III and Tier III cities. Of course, much depends on the Government’s policies on such proliferation going forward.
If these companies go ahead with their plans for retail footprint expansion, the demand for professional mall management is going to increase manifold. In other words, it is an extremely vibrant business vertical. While Jones Lang LaSalle was the pioneer in this field and currently commands the largest share of malls under management by a single service provider, many other large companies have also stepped up their offerings from simple facilities management to more advanced models.
Retailing one of the largest sectors in the global economy is going through a transition phase not only in India but the world over. The study of any subject is made easier by examining it in an organized fashion. There are three classes of variables involved in understanding consumer behavior, stimulus, response and intervening variables. Stimulus variables, such as advertisement, products and hunger pangs exist in both the individuals’ external and internal environment. These generate sensory inputs to consumers. Responses variables are the resulting mental and/or physical reactions of individual who are influenced by stimulus variables. For ex: - purchasing a product or forming attitudes about it could be viewed as responses variables. Many of the variables affecting consumer (such as personality, learning, and perceptions of external situations, motives, and so forth) cannot be directly observed therefore, those who want to learn about the variables affecting consumer must often make inference to determine the extent to which a given variable is having an influence. The study of consumer behavior can also be quite complex, because of the many variables involved and their throw the variables, tendency to interact with and influence each other. Models of consumer behavior have been developed as a means of dealing with this complexity; Models can help organize out thinking about consumers into a coherent into a coherent whole by identifying relevant variables, describing their basic characteristics, and specifying how the variables relate to each other. Consumer decisions Process, This process consists of the decision process regarding products and services. The major steps in this process are shown as problem recognition, information search and evaluation, purchasing processes, and post purchase behavior. Problem recognition occurs when the consumer is activated by awareness of sufficient difference her actual affairs and her concept of the ideal situation. This can occurs through activation of a motive such as hunger, by confronting some external stimulus such as an advertisement, or by being effected by additional variables such as social or situational influences. Internal search – a quick and largely unconscious review of memory for stored information and experiences regarding the problem. The information is in the form of belief and attitudes that have influenced the consumer’s preference towards bands. Often such a review results in recognizing a strong brand preference, and a routine purchase occurs. However if an internal search does not provide sufficient information about products, or how to evaluate them, the consumer continues with a more involved external search for information. This result exposure to numerous informational inputs called stimuli, which can arise from a variety of sources, including advertisement, printed products reviews, and comments from friends. Any informational stimuli are subjected to information-processing activities, which the consumer uses to derive meaning from stimuli. The process Involves allocating attention to available stimuli deriving meaning form these stimuli and holding this meaning in what is termed in what is termed short term memory where it can be retained briefly to allow further processing according to Indian retail market scenario.
“Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making deductions mil reaching conclusion, and at last carefully testing the conclusion to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.” Marketing research is defined as a systematic gathering and analysis of the data concern with an objective. The whole activity is divided into various parts and after compilation of that we reach at certain findings, which enable us to marketing decision. It involves the diagnosis of information needed and the selection of the relevant and inter-related variables. Research Plan: - Research Approach: SURVEY METHOD Primary Source.

RESEARCH METODOLOGY
It refers to a search for knowledge. It can also be defined as scientific and systematic research for pertinent information a specific topic. Research is an art of systematic investigation. Some people consider research as a movement, a movement to the known to the unknown.
The whole activity is divided into various parts and after compilation of that we reach at certain findings, which enable to make decision. It involves the diagnosis of information needed and the selection of the relevant and inter-related variables.
RESEARCH PLAN:-
Research Approach: SURVEY METHOD
Primary Source
Primary data consists of original information gathered for specific purpose. The primary data is collected through questionnaire. The questionnaire is through common instrument collecting primary collection. I collected the data through questionnaire from officials, employees and customers through interview.
Research instrument
The research instruments used for collecting the primary data were the questionnaire.
Questionnaire
The questionnaire was carefully developed tested and debugged before they were administered on a large scale. Each questions contributed to the research objective here questionnaire is structured types means there are concrete, definite and predetermined questions.

The questions are presented are exactly same wording and in the same an order to all respondents. It had a mix type of open ended, closed ended and multiple choice questions. The questions were limited in numbers simple direct and unbiased technology was adopted.
Data source
Primary:
The data was collected through questionnaire comprising of 10 questions.

Secondary:
The data was collected through AutoCAD files of The Mall mall and files available on their sites. Also some other sites the valid information is collected.

Sampling Procedure:
Sample unit : Consumer visited mall
Sample size : 50 Respondents
Sampling method : Random sampling method
Data Analysis:

Question No. 1
Do you visit The Mall mall?
Do you visit
Yes
No
No. of Respondents (%)
100%
0%
No of Respondents (in no.)
50
0

Interpretation
All the candidates interviewed visited mall.

Question No. 2
With whom you prefer to visit mall?
Prefer to visit
Malls
Friend
Spouse
colleagues
Alone
No. of Respondents
(%)
60%
20%
4%
16%

No. of
Respondents
(in no.)
30
10
2
8

Interpretation
Out of 50 respondents:
60% preferred to visit mall with friends.
20% preferred to visit mall with their spouse.

Question No. 3
How much time you spend in a mall?
Time spent on visiting mall
Hour
1-2hrs
More than 3 hours
No. of Respondents (%)
20%
50%
30%
No. of Respondents
10
25
15

Interpretation
Out of 50 respondents 25 respondents spend approx.1-2hrs in a mall.
Out of 50 respondents 15 respondents spend approx. more than 3hrs in mall.
Out of 50 respondents 10 respondents spend approx. less than 1hrs. in mall.

Question No. 4
Does the person with whom you visit mall influence you?
Person who influence
Yes
No
No. of Respondents (%)
40%
60%
No. of Respondents (in No.)
20
30

Interpretation
Humans are social being, different person has different perception and attitude, so they purchase according to their own tastes and liking.

Question No. 5
Why do you choose mall for shopping?
Choosing mall for shopping
Less time
Economical
Brands
Variety
Quality
All under one roof
Convenient
No. of Respondents (%)
14%
24%
26%
8%
14%
6%
8%

No. of Respondents (in no.)
7
12
13
4
7
3
4

Interpretation
7 respondents said less time, 12 respondents said its economical, 13 respondents said they get brands.

Question No. 6
Which of the following media you find the ads of the mall?
Mode of advertisement
Newspaper
T.V.
Radio
Hoardings
Others
No. of Respondents (%)
30%
50%
10%
8%
2%
No. of Respondents (in No.)
15
25
5
4
1

Interpretation
Out of 50 respondents:
30% respondents get aware through Newspaper.
25% respondents get aware of the ads through T.V.
10% respondents get aware through radio channels.
8% respondents get aware through hoardings.

Findings and Observations:
1. Almost every person contacted or interviewed said that he/she has visited mall. Maximum number of respondents said they are aware of mall.
2. From analysis we found out that most of the people were affected and attracted with offers and schemes.
3. It has been found out that most of the people in Bilaspur of Chattisgarh state city visit mall for refreshment and enjoy.
4. Consumers choose malls to stop because they all want variety and brands and shopping at malls according to the consumers is economic as compared to shopping at other places.
5. Most of the people who are interviewed by me respond that brand loyal and most of them stack to the brand they like.
6. Advertising plays a very crucial part in consumer decision making process.
7. Most of the respondents take on the spot decision of buying different products because of the various attractive product displays and pretty combinations.
8. Most of the consumers are attracted towards different fancy displays.
9. For most of the respondents quality plays a very important role because most of the them said that they want quality products’ and that’s also one of the reason for most of the respondents sticking to particular brands.
10. We can say that location, variety, convenience and economical products are not the only things attract the customer but there are some other factors which play a major role in attracting the customers as mentioned.
Limitation:
Reliability of data:-
Reliability of data always remains a prime concern when humans are surveyed. Non-interest, poor understanding, unclear questions, inability to think instantly and customer biases creeps in apprehensiveness in the minds of the researcher while tabulating and analysing the data.
Conclusion:
With all the above explanations of standardised mall pattern and the pattern written of The Mall mall clarify that The Mall mall is an ideal mall because it is having all the necessary requirements of the mall i.e. parking system, cooling system, water softening system, infrastructure overall and mainly the tenant and customer safety, comfort and their satisfaction with all the facilities that attracts them as all the needs and demands fulfil under one roof at once and at ease. Customers are becoming price conscious they are having many options in the market considering the consumer buying behaviour the The Mall mall fulfil all the demands of consumers. Mainly they enjoy all services which this modern The Mall mall provides. ‘They get all commodities under one roof.’

Suggestions:
They can add green plantation, artificial fountains and waterfalls for providing modernity with natural look.
As there are too many visitors visit mall, so they can encourage people with moral values and ethics with slogans regarding cleanliness, plantation, honesty, code of conduct, graceful behaviour, civilized living, etc.
Questionnaire:
Questionnaire for consumer behaviour and to know the service The Mall provides satisfies the customers or not:-
Please spare some time to fill in this survey. The survey will help to gather more information to make project on The Mall mall working pattern.
1. Do you visit The Mall mall?
a. Yes b. No
2. With whom you prefer to visit mall?
a. Friend c. Colleague
b. Spouse d. Alone
3. How much time do you spend in a mall?
a. An hour c. 1-2 hours
b. More than 3 hours
4. Do you visit The Mall mall by advertisement influence?
a. Yes c. No
b. Sometimes yes d. Can’t say
5. Why do you choose mall for shopping?
a. Less time e. Brands
b. Economic f. Variety
c. Quality g. All under one roof
d. Convenience
6. Which media you find from the following the ads of shopping mall?
a. News c. Radio
b. T.V. d. Hoardings 7. How frequently do you visit mall?
a. Weekly c. Monthly
b. Occasionally
8. Do you stick to a particular brand?
a. Yes c. No
b. Can’t say
9. Do you go for unplanned shopping?
a. Yes c. No
b. Can’t say
10. What are the things you would like to purchase?
a. Apparels e. Food Products
b. Appliances f. Grocery
c. Jewellery g. Cosmetics
d. Gifts

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Feed back and Suggestions:-
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Thanking you!

Bibliography:-
Revised second edition by C.R. Kothari
Fourth edition by David L. London & Albert J. Delia Bitta
Through net surfing: www.google.co.in www.wikipedia.com www.ramamagneto.com Information from firm’s AutoCAD.

Bibliography: - Revised second edition by C.R. Kothari Fourth edition by David L. London & Albert J. Delia Bitta Through net surfing: www.google.co.in www.wikipedia.com www.ramamagneto.com Information from firm’s AutoCAD.