Marisa Bueggemann: Chapter Summary
Chapter 8 Vocabulary- Marisa Brueggemann
anaphase- Anaphase is the stage of a cell division (mitosis or meiosis) when the chromatids (or homologous chromosomes in meiosis one) are separated and start to move away from each other.
anchorage dependence- In order for a cell to resume its divisions it must be touching something else.
asexual reproduction- New cells are generated through the process of mitosis (or binary fusion in the case of bacteria). These new daughter are exactly the same as the parent cell that divided.
autosome- All the chromosomes in a cell, except for the x or y chromosome (the sex chromosomes).
benign tumor- A tumor that stays in its original location (it has not metastasized).
binary fission- Binary fission is the way bacteria create their offspring (asexually). They …show more content…
reproduce in this way since they are much more basic than eukaryotes.
cancer cells- Cancer cells are able to duplicate rapidly since they are able to perform mitosis even when they don’t have the right growth factors that they are supposed to have.
carcinomas- Carcinomas are tumors that may be found in the skin or in a lining of an organ.
cell cycle- The cycle cells go through during their lifetime. This cycle includes interphase (growth), mitosis, and cytokinesis. If the cell is supposed to stop dividing then it stops going through this cycle and is considered to be in the G0 phase.
cell cycle control system- The system that causes the cell cycle to continue on its path or to stop.
cell division- The process in which a parent cell splits in two so that two daughter cells are created.
cell plate- The cell plate is formed in plants during cytokinesis. The purpose of it is to make sure that the daughter cells still have a cell wall after mitosis. It is formed from the ER and golgi apparatus.
centromere- The centromere is the spot on a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are connected.
centrosome- An organelle that has microtubules coming out of it (it also contains centrioles that are made up of microtubules too).
chiasma (plural, chiasmata)- The chiasma is the place on a chromosome where a chromatid crossed over with another chromatid from a different chromosome.
chromatin- Chromatin is the strands of DNA that are not compacted into chromosomes. Chromatin is found within a cell in the G0 stage and interphase stage.
chromosome- Chromosomes are formed when the chromatin strands clump together. One is able to see chromosomes under a light microscope, but chromatin is not visible at that magnification.
cleavage furrow- The cleavage furrow is formed in animals during cytokinesis. This helps the daughter cells to split and become their own independ cells. The cleavage furrow consists of microfilaments. crossing over- Two chromatids from homologous chromosomes swap a certain gene that has DNA for the same characteristic.
cytokinesis- Cytokinesis is the process where the daughter cells produced by mitosis/meiosis migrate away from each other to become independ calls.
deletion- Part of a chromosome is removed from the original chromosome.
density-dependent inhibition- The process in which cells stop dividing since they touch other cells/ surfaces which causes them to not get the adequate growth factors needed for their division.
diploid cell- A cell that is 2n. This cell has all of its chromosomes partnered up with a homologous chromosome.
Down syndrome- A condition that occurs when a person has three 21-chromosomes. Many people with down syndrome have problems with their heart, get lung infections easier, and are likely to eventually get leukemia and Alzheimer's.
duplication- This occurs when part of a chromosome is removed from one chromosome and migrates to another chromosome.
fertilization- This occurs when a sperm combines with an egg to produce a zygote.
gamete- This are the egg and sperm. They are haploid (in humans they only contain 23 chromosomes, while the body cells have 46 chromosomes).
genetic recombination- This is when chromosomes differ from the beginning parental/maternal chromosomes (due to crossing over).
genome- The complete compilation of all of the DNA that offspring get from their
parents.
growth factor- Tell a cell that it needs to divide by transmitting proteins to the cell.
haploid cell- This cell is 1n. It only has a single chromosome for each gene (it doesn't have a homologous pair).
homologous chromosomes- These chromosomes contain genes for the same characteristics, but they have slight differences between themselves. These similar genes are found on the same exact spot (called a loci) in these chromosomes.
interphase- This phase gets the cell ready for division. Here the cell grows more, and copies of organelles and DNA is created (that way the daughter cells will be an exact replica to the parent cell).
inversion- Part of a chromosome is removed, flipped around, and then put back into place.
karyotype- A procedure that allows one to look at the chromosomes of a person organized so that the homologous pairs are still grouped together.
leukemia- A cancer that occurs in white blood cells that have not fully matured yet.
life cycle- The cycle one goes through where they age and die, which continues on with their offspring.
locus (plural, loci)- A particular spot that can be found on a chromosome.
lymphomas- A tumor that occurs in lymphatic system.
malignant tumor- A tumor that has migrated from its beginning location to other parts of the body (it has metastasized).
meiosis- The process that starts with one diploid cell and after two cell divisions ends with 4 haploid cells that vary from one another. These haploid cells are found in gametes.
metaphase- The phase when chromosomes travel to the metaphase plate, which is on the midline of the cell.
metastasis- The process in which a tumor travels to other locations in a body.
mitosis- A type of asexual reproduction in which a diploid cell divides and two daughter cells are produced that are exactly the same as the original cell.
mitotic phase- This is the part of the cell cycle when the cell uses mitosis to produce more cells.
mitotic spindle- The bunch of microtubules that come out of the centrosomes. The purpose of it is so chromosomes/ chromatids are able to move about the cell during mitosis on it.
nondisjunction- This is when a cell divides and the chromosomes that were supposed to go their separate ways did not do so. This leaves some daughter cells with too many chromosomes and some daughter cells with too few chromosomes.
prophase- this is the stage where chromosomes are created when the chromatin gets denser. Also microtubules appear as they start coming out of centrosomes, thus creating the mitotic spindle.
sarcomas- a tumor found within tissue in between joints.
sex chromosomes- These are the x and y chromosomes. These chromosomes decided the biological sex of a person.
sexual reproduction- when offspring is created when a sperm and an egg come together so that a zygote is formed.
sister chromatids- Two sister chromatids make up one chromosome (after the DNA was duplicated). These chromosomes contain exactly the same genes at the exact same place.
somatic cell- A body cell. This includes every single cell in an organism execpt for the gametes.
telophase- The phase in which chromosomes have traveled to the opposite sides of the cell, so they resort back into chromatin as the nuclear envelope starts to surround it once again.
translocation- Part of a chromosome is removed and moves to bind with a chromosome that is nonhomologous to it.
trisomy 21- Another name for Down Syndrome. (There’s 3 chromosomes instead of 2 of the 21st chromosome).
tumor- When a bunch of cells are able to grow when they’re are not supposed to, but they are still surrounded by cells bound by the cell control cyle.
zygote- When a sperm and an egg come together they form a zygote. This matures so that it eventually forms a person.
anaphase- Anaphase is the stage of a cell division (mitosis or meiosis) when the chromatids (or homologous chromosomes in meiosis one) are separated and start to move away from each other.
anchorage dependence- In order for a cell to resume its divisions it must be touching something else.
asexual reproduction- New cells are generated through the process of mitosis (or binary fusion in the case of bacteria). These new daughter are exactly the same as the parent cell that divided.
autosome- All the chromosomes in a cell, except for the x or y chromosome (the sex chromosomes).
benign tumor- A tumor that stays in its original location (it has not metastasized).
binary fission- Binary fission is the way bacteria create their offspring (asexually). They …show more content…
reproduce in this way since they are much more basic than eukaryotes.
cancer cells- Cancer cells are able to duplicate rapidly since they are able to perform mitosis even when they don’t have the right growth factors that they are supposed to have.
carcinomas- Carcinomas are tumors that may be found in the skin or in a lining of an organ.
cell cycle- The cycle cells go through during their lifetime. This cycle includes interphase (growth), mitosis, and cytokinesis. If the cell is supposed to stop dividing then it stops going through this cycle and is considered to be in the G0 phase.
cell cycle control system- The system that causes the cell cycle to continue on its path or to stop.
cell division- The process in which a parent cell splits in two so that two daughter cells are created.
cell plate- The cell plate is formed in plants during cytokinesis. The purpose of it is to make sure that the daughter cells still have a cell wall after mitosis. It is formed from the ER and golgi apparatus.
centromere- The centromere is the spot on a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are connected.
centrosome- An organelle that has microtubules coming out of it (it also contains centrioles that are made up of microtubules too).
chiasma (plural, chiasmata)- The chiasma is the place on a chromosome where a chromatid crossed over with another chromatid from a different chromosome.
chromatin- Chromatin is the strands of DNA that are not compacted into chromosomes. Chromatin is found within a cell in the G0 stage and interphase stage.
chromosome- Chromosomes are formed when the chromatin strands clump together. One is able to see chromosomes under a light microscope, but chromatin is not visible at that magnification.
cleavage furrow- The cleavage furrow is formed in animals during cytokinesis. This helps the daughter cells to split and become their own independ cells. The cleavage furrow consists of microfilaments. crossing over- Two chromatids from homologous chromosomes swap a certain gene that has DNA for the same characteristic.
cytokinesis- Cytokinesis is the process where the daughter cells produced by mitosis/meiosis migrate away from each other to become independ calls.
deletion- Part of a chromosome is removed from the original chromosome.
density-dependent inhibition- The process in which cells stop dividing since they touch other cells/ surfaces which causes them to not get the adequate growth factors needed for their division.
diploid cell- A cell that is 2n. This cell has all of its chromosomes partnered up with a homologous chromosome.
Down syndrome- A condition that occurs when a person has three 21-chromosomes. Many people with down syndrome have problems with their heart, get lung infections easier, and are likely to eventually get leukemia and Alzheimer's.
duplication- This occurs when part of a chromosome is removed from one chromosome and migrates to another chromosome.
fertilization- This occurs when a sperm combines with an egg to produce a zygote.
gamete- This are the egg and sperm. They are haploid (in humans they only contain 23 chromosomes, while the body cells have 46 chromosomes).
genetic recombination- This is when chromosomes differ from the beginning parental/maternal chromosomes (due to crossing over).
genome- The complete compilation of all of the DNA that offspring get from their
parents.
growth factor- Tell a cell that it needs to divide by transmitting proteins to the cell.
haploid cell- This cell is 1n. It only has a single chromosome for each gene (it doesn't have a homologous pair).
homologous chromosomes- These chromosomes contain genes for the same characteristics, but they have slight differences between themselves. These similar genes are found on the same exact spot (called a loci) in these chromosomes.
interphase- This phase gets the cell ready for division. Here the cell grows more, and copies of organelles and DNA is created (that way the daughter cells will be an exact replica to the parent cell).
inversion- Part of a chromosome is removed, flipped around, and then put back into place.
karyotype- A procedure that allows one to look at the chromosomes of a person organized so that the homologous pairs are still grouped together.
leukemia- A cancer that occurs in white blood cells that have not fully matured yet.
life cycle- The cycle one goes through where they age and die, which continues on with their offspring.
locus (plural, loci)- A particular spot that can be found on a chromosome.
lymphomas- A tumor that occurs in lymphatic system.
malignant tumor- A tumor that has migrated from its beginning location to other parts of the body (it has metastasized).
meiosis- The process that starts with one diploid cell and after two cell divisions ends with 4 haploid cells that vary from one another. These haploid cells are found in gametes.
metaphase- The phase when chromosomes travel to the metaphase plate, which is on the midline of the cell.
metastasis- The process in which a tumor travels to other locations in a body.
mitosis- A type of asexual reproduction in which a diploid cell divides and two daughter cells are produced that are exactly the same as the original cell.
mitotic phase- This is the part of the cell cycle when the cell uses mitosis to produce more cells.
mitotic spindle- The bunch of microtubules that come out of the centrosomes. The purpose of it is so chromosomes/ chromatids are able to move about the cell during mitosis on it.
nondisjunction- This is when a cell divides and the chromosomes that were supposed to go their separate ways did not do so. This leaves some daughter cells with too many chromosomes and some daughter cells with too few chromosomes.
prophase- this is the stage where chromosomes are created when the chromatin gets denser. Also microtubules appear as they start coming out of centrosomes, thus creating the mitotic spindle.
sarcomas- a tumor found within tissue in between joints.
sex chromosomes- These are the x and y chromosomes. These chromosomes decided the biological sex of a person.
sexual reproduction- when offspring is created when a sperm and an egg come together so that a zygote is formed.
sister chromatids- Two sister chromatids make up one chromosome (after the DNA was duplicated). These chromosomes contain exactly the same genes at the exact same place.
somatic cell- A body cell. This includes every single cell in an organism execpt for the gametes.
telophase- The phase in which chromosomes have traveled to the opposite sides of the cell, so they resort back into chromatin as the nuclear envelope starts to surround it once again.
translocation- Part of a chromosome is removed and moves to bind with a chromosome that is nonhomologous to it.
trisomy 21- Another name for Down Syndrome. (There’s 3 chromosomes instead of 2 of the 21st chromosome).
tumor- When a bunch of cells are able to grow when they’re are not supposed to, but they are still surrounded by cells bound by the cell control cyle.
zygote- When a sperm and an egg come together they form a zygote. This matures so that it eventually forms a person.