Schacter, D., Gilbert, D., Wegner, D. (2011). Psychology (Second Edition). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.…
Psychologists such as Orne & Holland (1968) claim that participants in psychological studies have learned to mistrust researchers as they believe the true aims of the study may be hidden. In Milgrams research this means that participants may not truly have believed they were giving the learner electric shocks, and that this is the real reason for the high percentage. However, Milgram challenged this by interviewing…
The original experiment used children age three to seven as subjects but in different groups. The children were led into a room; empty of distractions, with a marshmallow was placed on a table, by a chair.…
Prior to the experiments, Milgram sought predictions about the outcome from psychiatrists, college sophomores, middle-class adults, graduate students and faculty in behavioral sciences. All thought the teachers would refuse to obey the experimenter. The majority of the teachers would show concern once the learners began showing signs of discomfort. However, 60 percent of them followed the orders until the end, administering shocks to the learner up to 450 volts. (para. 27) The findings were dismissed as having no relevance to “ordinary” people considering the subjects used were students of Yale. Colleagues of Milgram claimed that these students were highly aggressive and competitive when provoked. (para. 27)…
Respondents were being informed that the experiment would analyze how being punished could have an effect on learning aptitude. Three individuals would be involved in the experiment, one person who would be the “experimenter”, one person who would be the “teacher” and one person who would be the “learner.” The experimenter was in charge of the entire experiment, giving orders to the teacher when they were hesitant to perform their duties, and would continuously remind the teacher that they must continue the trial, even when they began to feel uncomfortable with their part in the experiment. The role of experimenter would be filled by someone who was completely aware of the experiment, and would try their best to keep the experiment going for as long as they could. The teacher was meant to listen and obey the rules of the experimenter and deliver unpleasant stimuli to the learner when ordered to by the experimenter. The learner was supposed to memorize word pairings and then answer questions about these word pairings to the best of…
Psychologists study human behaviors through exploring an individual’s experiences, personality traits, and through the categorization of each into a specific or set of disorders (Hothersall, 2003). Early psychologists studying human behavior addressed its vast nature of human behavior yet failed to consider the circumstance(s) that contributed to the behavior even though they acknowledged nature versus nurture. An example of this is Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory, which examined the behavior of children but failed to fully acknowledge the impact of the adult on this behavior. Instead he theorized that children learn on their own without the intervention of older children or adults and that children are intrinsically, or internally, motivated…
Do you think you have what it takes to be successful in life? According to Walter Mischel, kids who have willpower will have a higher rate of being successful in life. To be able to prove his theory, Mischel came up with an experiment call “The Marshmallow Experiment”. Due to his Mischel’s experiment, scientists have come to the conclusion that kids, or adults, who have willpower will be more likely to be more successful in life because they will be more patient and self-control than those who do not possess the two abilities. Mischel believe the more patient can also lead to kids being able to pay more attention in class. By doing the marshmallow experiment, not only will it show if the kids have any willpower, but can also show their personality and the environment at home.…
In Carol Dwecks article “Brainology”, she argues that a children’s mindset affect their motivation and academic work through their beliefs in which students are either worried or resilient to challenges. Dweck indicates that students with a fixed mindset are anxious about the amount of intelligence they have and are always threatened by the challenges because they think that their intelligence is fixed and failures affect them badly. In contrast, Dweck talks about growth mindset where intelligence can always be improved through efforts and learning. Dweck says, “They don’t necessarily believe that everyone has the same abilities or that anyone can be smart as Einstein, but they do believe that everyone can improve their abilities”…
Dr. Dweck is writing from a psychological context. Her observations prove that a person’s mindset can deeply influence the behavior.…
The notion that human development can be affected on a number of levels has been adopted in numerous theories, and moves on from the work of Maslow, Freud, and Erikson to consider external factors that can influence a person's…
“The one thing that doesn’t abide by majority rule is a person’s conscience”(Harper Lee). In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird written by Harper Lee shows many great examples of themes. A lot of life lessons can be taken from the novel. In the 1960s in the south much discrimination against race was happening. Throughout time things have gotten progressively better. In To Kill a Mockingbird relationships for family, the perspective, and racism are all immense themes being portrayed in the novel.…
Those with growth mindsets believe that “...difficulty only indicates that their present skills and approach are not yet sufficiently developed for the task at hand…” (Dweck, 1). *When skills aren’t developed enough, these people work at them until they are developed and the task can be completed. Effort is put into every task until it is done sufficiently and exceeds expectations. To those with growth mindsets, “‘What was important was the motivation...students were energized by the idea that they could have an impact on their mind...’” (Trei, 2). *By believing that a person is capable of changing and having an influence on their mind, those with growth mindsets put effort into everything they do. These people never give up and will work as hard as they can until they know that they are doing well. The growth mentality also can influence people to “...keep growing beyond whatever it is we’ve accomplished today…” (Hochheiser, 1). *By developing and going beyond what a person has done today, they put in more effort and work until the person believes that they can be successful. In the story Flowers for Algernon, Charlie Gordon, a person many believed was not intelligent, worked and worked until he started to improve upon his reading and writing skills. *He was persistent and would not give up or put less than one hundred percent effort into his work. His skills began to improve as he worked harder. A growth mentality and believing that someone is intelligent affects success because it motivates a person to put all the effort they can into a…
Operationally, one problem is that Pogarsky did not adequately describe the characteristics or personal traits of each group. He mentioned personal traits such as gender, emotions, self control, impulsivity and moral inhibition, but did not expand upon how or why these traits affect deterability. It would have been beneficial to further discuss these traits and their relation to…
The Stanford experiment was performed by psychologists Craig Haney, W. Curtis Banks, and Philip Zimbardo. Their goal was to find out if ordinary people could become abusive if given the power to do so. The results of the six day experiment are chilling.…
In social psychology there are many researchers who investigated and challenged different theories within including well respected psychologists including; Sheriff(1935); Jenness(1932); Asch(1951); Crutchfield(1955) and Mann(1969). The aim of the study was; guessing how many sweeties were in the jar in a competition fashion and testing if the participants conformed to their guesses. The hypothesis was ' people would conform under group pressures of the pre-set guesses. The null hypothesis was that people would not conform under group pressures unless due to extraneous variables. The experiment was a field experiment using the techniques of independent groups design. The experiment was dressed as a competition based on the following three conditions; high pre-set; control pre-set and low pre-set guesses. The group used random selection in three math classes with the senior pupils of three different levels (higher, intermediate one and intermediate two). The IV (independent variable) that was used was the pre-set guesses and the DV (dependent variable) was the level of conformity performed by the participants. The conclusion of the results showed that 31.25% of the high pre-set guesses conformed (in the reign of 40+), 23.33% of the low pre-set guesses conformed (in the reign of -30) and 43.48% of the control pre-set guesses conformed (within the reign of 25-45). The breakdown of the analysis for instance the mean of all conditions and overall, the range of all conditions and control(appendix 13). After the group completed the experiment thought was put into how testing conformity could be continued. The ideas from the experiment could lead to testing the intelligence levels of people who conform and test is this level of intelligence has an effect on the level of conformity.…