Masculinity in the Philippines

philippine studies
Ateneo de Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines

Philippine Commonwealth and Cult of Masculinity

Alfred W. Mccoy Philippine Studies vol. 48, no. 3 (2000): 315–346 Copyright © Ateneo de Manila University Philippine Studies is published by the Ateneo de Manila University. Contents may not be copied or sent via email or other means to multiple sites and posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s written permission. Users may download and print articles for individual, noncommercial use only. However, unless prior permission has been obtained, you may not download an entire issue of a journal, or download multiple copies of articles. Please contact the publisher for any further use of this work at [e-mail].

http://www.philippinestudies.net Fri June 27 13:30:20 2008

Philippine Commonwealth and Cult of Masculinity
Alfred W. McCoy

In the imperial age, the military shaped society to suit its peculiar needs. Modem armies are complex, costly institutions that must ramify widely to mobilize the vast human and material resources their operations require. Since the armed forces demand the absolute obedience and, at times, the lives of ordinary males, the state often forms, or reforms, society's culture and ideology to make military service a moral imperative. In the cultural encounter that was empire, colonial armies proved as surprisingly potent agents of social change, introducing a major Western institution, with imbedded values, in a forceful, almost irresistible, manner. As powerful, intrusive institutions, modem armies transformed cultures and shaped gender identities, fostering rhetoric and imagery whose influence has persisted long after colonial rule. Above all, these armies, colonial and national, propagated a culture, nay a cult of masculinity. Recent historical research has explored the ways that rising European states reconstructed gender roles to support military mobilization. To prepare

References: Acosta, Manuel A. 1976. Our military memorials. In Self-reliance in freedom: Speeches and writings on Philippine defense and national growth. Manila: Philippine Education Promotion. Aquino, Belinda A. 1995. The human rights debacle in the Philippines. In Impunity and human rights in international law and practice, edited by N. RothArriaza. New York: Oxford University Press. Arillo, Cecilio T. 1986. Breakaway: The inside story of the four-day revolution in the Philippines February 22-25, 7986. Mandaluyong: CTA & Associates. Bauer, Ronald G. 1973. Military professionalism socialization in a developing country. Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan. "The Bayonet" Souvenir Book of the First Graduates of the Reseme Oficers ' Service School. 1936. Camp Henry T. Allen, Baguio. Benitez, Tomas C. 1938. The U.P. cadet corps. In The 7938 Philippinensian. Manila: The 1938 Senior Class of the University of the Philippines. Benjamin, Jessica and Anson Rabinbach. 1989. Foreword to Malefantasies: Male bodies; psychoanalyzing the white terror by Klaus Theweleit. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis. Berlin, Donald L. 1982. Prelude to Martial Law: An examination of pre-1972 Philippine civil-military relations. Ph.D. diss., University of South Carolina. Blanc-Szanton, Cristina. 1990. Collision of cultures: Historical reformulations of gender in the lowland Visayas. In Power and difference: Gender in island Southeast Asia, edited by J.M Atkinson and S. Errington. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Cadet Corps. 1988. The academy scribe. Manila: The Academy Scribe Organization. Camagay, Ma. Luisa. 1995. Working women of Manila in the 79th century. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Carnes, Mark C. 1990. Middle-class men and the solace of fraternal ritual. In Meanings for manhood: Constructions of msculinity in Victorian America, edited by M.C Carnes and C. Griffen. Chicago: University of Chicago. . 1989. Secret ritual and manhood in Victorian America. New Haven: Yale University Press. Carswell, Robert M. 1941. Philippine national defense. Coast Artillery Journal 84 (2): 122. Castro, Fred. R. 1935. Training in the corps and the country. The nineteen hundred and thirty five Philippinensian. Manila: The Senior Class of the University of the Philippines. Castro, Fred. R. and Macario Peralta, Jr. 1935. The corps and the country. The nineteen hundred and thirty five Philippinensian. Manila: The Senior Class of the University of the Philippines. COMMONWEALTH AND MASCULINITY Coffman, Edward M. 1978. The Philippine Scouts, 1899-1924: A historical vignette. Acta 3. Bucharest: International Commission of Military History. Commonwealth of the Philippines, Army Headquarters. 1937. Bulletin No. 119, 14 August. Department of Manuscripts, Cornell University Library. Coronel, Sheila. 1990. RAM: From challenge to Philippine democracy. In Kudeta: The challenge to Philippine democracy. Manila: Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. Diokno, Maria Serena I. 1995. Peace and human rights: The past lives on. In Duet for EDSA: 1996 looking back, looking forward, edited by L. Kalaw-Tirol. Manila: Foundation for Worldwide People Power. Dornbusch, Sanford M. 1955. The military academy as an assimilating institution. Social Forces 33 (4): 316-21. Echenberg, Myron. 1991. Colonial conscripts: The Tirrailleurs Senegalais in French West Africa 1857-1960. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann. Endy, Clarence E. 1983. The gentlemen from the Philippines. Bulletin of the American Historical Collectiorl 11 (3): 10-11. Enloe, Cynthia H. 1980. Ethnic soldiers: State security in divided societies. Athens: University of Georgia Press. . 1989. Beyond Steve Canyon and Rambo: Feminist histories of militaof rized masculinity. In The rt~ilitnrizntior~ the westcrn world, edited by J . R. Gillis. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Errington, Shelly. 1990. Recasting sex, gender, and power: A theoretical and regional overview. In Pozurr and d$fererlce: Gender in island Soutlzenst Asia, edited by J.hI Atkinson and S. Errington. Stanford: Stanford University Press. The failed promise: Human rigl~tsit1 the Pllilippitles since tlze revolution of 1986. 1991. Geneva: International Commission of Jurists. Fegan, Brian. 1995. Mang Dionisio Macapagal: A peasant rebel matures. Paper presented at the Association for Asian Studies, Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, April. Ferrel, Robert H. 1981. The Eisenlzozucr diaries. New York: W.W. Norton. Franklin, Charles. H. 1935. History of the Philippine Scouts. Fort Humphreys, DC: National Archives & Research Administration. Gennep, Arnold van. 1960. The rites of passage. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Gilmore, David. 1990. Manhood in the making: Cultural concepts of masculinity. New Haven: Yale University Press. Goffmann, Erving. 1961. Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates. Garden City: Anchor Books. Gonzalez, Antonio M., ed. 1991. Plzilippine military academy: The golden sword class of 1942. Manila: Class of 1942. Harold, Hanne Elarth. 1949. The story of the Philippine Cotzstabulaiy. Los Angeles: Philippine Constabulary Officers Association. PHILIPPINE STUDIES Haron, Nadzan. Colonial defense and British approach to the problems in Malaya. Modern Asian Studies 24 (2): 275-95. Hayden, Joseph Ralston. 1955. The Philippines: A study in national development. New York: Macmillan. Herdt, Gilbert H. 1982. Fetish and fantasy in Sambia initiation. In Rituals of manhood: Male initiation in Papua New Guinea. Berkeley: University of California Press. Hernandez, Carolina G. 1979. The extent of civilian control of the military in the Philippines: 1946-1976. Ph.D. diss., State University of New York. Hilsdon, Anne-Marie. 1995. Madonnas and violence in the Philippines. Quezon City: Ateneo d e Manila University Press. Hurley, Vic. 1938. Jungle patrol: The story of the Philippine Constabulary. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1938. International Commission of Jurists. 1991. The failed promise: Human rights in the Philippines since the revolution of 1986. Geneva: International Commission of Jurists. Keesing, Roger M. 1982. Introduction to Rituals of manhood: Male initiation in Papua New Guinea, by G. Herdt. Berkeley: University of California Press. Keifer, Thomas. M. 1972. The Tausug: Violence and law in a Philippine Moslem society. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Lovell, John P. 1964. The professional socialization of the West Point cadet. In The new military: Changing patterns of organization, edited by M . Janowitz, 12739. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Lim, Vicente. 1980. To inspire and to lead: The letters of Vicente Lim, 1938-1942. Manila: privately printed. Mangan, J. A. 1986. The games ethics and imperialism: Aspects of the diffusion of an ideal. New York: Viking Press. . 1981. Athleticism and the Victorian and Edwardian public school. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . 1987. Social Darwinism and upper-class education in late Victorian and Edwardian England. In Manliness and morality: Middle-class masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940, edited by J. A. Mangan and James Walvin. New York: St. Martin 's Press. Marcos, Ferdinand. 1946. Capas memoirs. In The voice of the veteran: An anthology of the best in song and story by the defenders of freedom. Manila: Republic Promotion. . 1976. Every nation needs a Bataan. In Self-reliance in freedom: Speeches and writings in Philippine defense and national growth. Manila: Philippine Education Promotion. Martinez, Manuel F. 1987. Aquino vs. Marcos: The grand collision. Hong Kong: by the author. Magsino, Florencio F. and Rogelio S. Lumabas. 1978. Men of PMA. Volume 1. Published by the authors. COMMONWEALTH AND MASCULINITY Martinez, Julio. 1938. We march on. In The 1938 Philippinensian. Manila: The 1938 Senior Class of the University of the Philippines. Maynard, Harold W. 1976. A comparison of military elite role perceptions in Indonesia and the Philippines. Ph.D. diss., American University. Meixsel, Richard Bruce. 1993. An army for independence?: The American roots of the Philippine Army. Ph.D. diss., Ohio Sate University. Mendoza, Jose M., ed. 1986. Batch '36 golden book. Manila: PMA Class '40 Association. Morgan, David H. J. 1994. Theorizing masculinities, edited by H. Brod and M. Kaufrnan. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Mosse, George. 1985. Nationalism and sexuality: Middle-class morality and sexual norms in modem Europe. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. . 1990. Fallen soldiers: Reshaping the memory of the World Wars. New York: Oxford University Press. Newman, Joel. 1989. An exploratory study of elite Philippine Academy cadets: Social origins: Family structure, function, and symbolism: Individual psychodynamics: Occupational selection: Intergenerational mobility: And early career success. Ph.D. d i s ~ . University of Chicago. , Nuyda, Doris G. 1980. The beauty book. Manila: Mr. & Ms. Publishing Company. Osmeiia, Sergio. 1940. National defense and Philippine democracy. Manila: Bureau of Printing. Panis, J.L. 1925. A Filipino citizen army in the making. The Philippine Republic 2 (2): 14-25. Peers, Douglas M. 1991. The habitual nobility of being: British officers and the social construction of the Bengal army in the early nineteenth century. Modern Asian Studies 25 (3): 545-69. Peralta, Macario, Jr. 1932. Activities of the corps during the year. In The 1932 Philippinensian. Manila: Senior Students of the University of the Philippines. Perlas, Jesus C. 1937. The corps in review. In The Philippinensian. Manila: The Senior Class, University of the Philippines. ,1930. The department in the making. In The Philippinensian. Manila: Senior Students of the University of the Philippines. The Philippinensian 1937. 1937. Manila: Senior Class, University of the Philippines. The 1934 Philippinensian. Manila: Senior Class of the University of the Philippines. Quirino, Antonio. 1930. Our sponsors. In The Philippinensian. Manila: Senior Students of the University of the Philippines. Ralston, David B. 1990. Importing the European army: The introduction of European military techniques into the extra European world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Ramos, Remedios F. et a1.1980. Si malakas at maganda. Manila: Jorge Y. Ramos. PHILIPPINE STUDIES Republic of the Philippines. 1990. Thefrnal report of the fact-finding commission. Manila: Bookmark. Reyes, Emmanuel A. 1989. Notes on Philippine cinema. Manila: De La Salle University Press. Rosaldo, Michelle Zimbalist. 1974. Woman, culture and society: A theoretical overview. In Woman, culture, and society, edited by M. Z.Rosaldo and L. Lamphere. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Rosaldo, Renato. 1980. llongot headhunting, 1883-1974: A study in society and history. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Rosenthal, Michael. 1986. The character factory: Baden-Powell and the origins of the Boy Scout movement. London: Collins. Selochan, Viberto. 1990. Professionalization and politicization of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Ph.D., Australian National University. Sinforoso, Duque L. 1981. Soldier heroes: A handbook on the winners of the major medals awarded by the Philippine Constabulary and Armed Forces since 1902. Manila: National media Production. Sinha, Mirinalini. 1995. Colonial masculinity: The "manly Englishman" and the "effeminate Bagali" in the 19th centu y. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Spence, Hartzell. 1969. Marcos of the Philippines. Cleveland: World Publishing. Stoler, Ann Laura. 1991. Carnal knowledge and imperial power: Gender, race, and morality in colonial Asia. In Gender at the crossroads of knowledge: Feminist anthropology in the postmodern era, edited by M. di Leonardo. Berkeley: University of California Press. Stouffer, Samuel, et. al. 1949. The American soldier: Combat and its aftermath. Vol. 2. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Stuart del Rosario, Pacifico M. 1931. The department of military science and tactics. In The 1931 Philippinensian. Manila: The Class of 1931 of the University of the Philippines. The sword of nineteen hundred and thirty-eight. 1938. Baguio: Cadet Corps of the Army of the Philippines, Philippine Military Academy. Syjuco, Jose G. 1977. Military education in the Philippines. Quezon City: New Day. Theweleit, Klaus. 1987. Male fantasies/Volume 1: Women floods bodies history. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. . 1989. Male fantasies: Volume 2 Male bodies: Psychoanalyzing the white teror. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Wamsley, Gary L. 1972. Constructing institutions of air force socialization: Happenstance or Bellwether? American Journal of Sociology 78 (2): 399-417. Viardo, Emilio. 1931. Character building in the U.P. corps of cadets. In The 1931 Philippinensian. Manila: The Class 1931 of the University of the Philippines. Woolard, James. R. 1975. The Philippine Scouts: The development of America 's colonial army. Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University.