Mayans and Aztecs

Maya culture is defined by the boundaries within which Maya was spoken in pre-Hispanic times. This culture is still alive today with approximately "6 million speakers of nearly 30 extant Maya languages" inhabiting large portions of the Maya Regions. The Classic Period (A.D 300-900) was a time of Maya control over many territories. Among those were Honduras and El Salvador through to Guatemala and Belize and north to Yucatán and southern Mexico. This period was open to new an extraordinary and arts and sculptures. It was a time of great activity and production in architectural sites. These civilizations which flourished during this time were highly skilled in mathematics and science, as well as, technology. The Mayas would be the people who would have a great influence on future civilizations to come(Cotterell 1980).

Maya style of art was realistic, displaying acts of contemporary life in murals. The temple pyramid complex itself was said to be dedicated to Quetzelcoatl, a god at Teotihuacan and later with the Toltecs and Aztecs. This period was a glorious period of development of crafts and trades, a complex religion, intensive agriculture and many amazing cultural achievements.

Many artifacts suggest that the Mayan society had a hierarchy. Many sculptures and murals left behind represented their rulers and leaders. These murals display their rulers on royal thrones and benches. These types of artifacts strongly suggest that the Mayas had a highly civilized and organized society with castes and classes.

People of high society were those people in charge of the government. The others were judges, priests and public administrators. The lower classes were those people who were farmers, artisans and commoners.

Although the monumental architecture of each of the impressive remains of Classic Maya civilization is strikingly unique, certain features remain constant. Some of the common features of Maya sites are the north-south orientation, the paved ceremonial plazas in the center of the pyramids with small temples on top, palace structures on lower platforms, and at least one ball court. The commonalties within these structures have roofs decorative by masonry and plaster vertical projections whose sole purpose was aesthetic beauty and power.

Musical instruments have been discovered and suggest that festival type activities took place within Mayan communities. Ritual feasts were given in honor of their gods. The Mayas also enjoyed playing sports.

The Mayas were intelligent individuals. They had an incredible numerology system leading to the creation of zero. They created calendars and used a special dot system to mark special events and activities in town.

Maya civilization was, “culturally refined and distinguished by a singular aptitude for the arts and crafts and by a high degree of scholarship.” This skilled capability of the Mayan people continued up until the beginning of the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519(Cotterell 1980). One comment on Maya mural artifacts by a well known archeologist said that, "The Maya defined all phenomena of nature and their causes, then represented them in the shape of human beings or animals. Their object was to keep for their initiates the secrets of their science"(Cotterell 1980).