media
Reading techniques ( 2nd year)
Monday 16, December,2013
Media
Types of Media
Article retrieved from(http://www.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/american-government/the-media/section3.rhtml)
The different types of media include print media, electronic media and new age media. Print media includes newspapers, books and pamphlets. Electronic media includes television and radio while the new age media include the internet and mobile phones.
Summary of types of media : The different types of media include print media, electronic media and new age media. Print media includes newspapers, books and pamphlets. Electronic media includes television and radio while the new age media include the internet and mobile phones.
Types of Media
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The term news media refers to the groups that communicate information and news to people. Most Americans get their information about government from the news media because it would be impossible to gather all the news themselves. Media outlets have responded to the increasing reliance of Americans on television and the Internet by making the news even more readily available to people. There are three main types of news media: print media, broadcast media, and the Internet.
Print Media
The oldest media forms are newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, and other printed material. These publications are collectively known as the print media. Although print media readership has declined in the last few decades, many Americans still read a newspaper every day or a newsmagazine on a regular basis. The influence of print media is therefore significant. Regular readers of print media tend to be more likely to be politically active.
The print media is responsible for more reporting than other news sources. Many news reports on television, for example, are merely follow-up stories about news that first appeared in newspapers. The top American newspapers, such as the New York Times, the Washington Post, and the Los Angeles Times, often set the agenda for many other media sources , so it includes :
Newspapers :
Newspapers are the most popular form of print media. They are generally delivered at home, or are available at newsstands, and it is the most inexpensive way to reach a huge mass of people quickly. A newspaper is divided into various segments containing current events, sports, food, entertainment, fashion, finances, politics, advertisements, informative articles, and so on. The advertiser, in this case, can choose from a daily newspaper to a weekly tabloid. Different types of newspapers cater to various audiences, and one can select the particular category accordingly. Advertisers then design press advertisements, wherein the size is decided as per the budget of the client.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-print-media.html
Newsletters :
A newsletter is a publication that mostly covers one main topic. Sometimes, people have to subscribe for the newsletters, or many a time, they are even free. Newsletters are generally used as information sources for neighborhood, communities, and groups having an interest about that particular topic, or event. They are also used for promotional purpose, political campaigns, or for causes. Newsletters are also used in many schools as a communication tool for parents, which give them information about what is new in the school. Many companies make use of newsletters as a marketing strategy to provide all the information to customers and employees. After newspapers, they are a good way of reaching out to a huge number of people.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-print-media.html
Magazines :
Magazines provide detailed articles on various topics, like food, fashion, sports, finance, lifestyle, and so on. Advertising in magazines costs a bit more, but it is a great way to target some market segments. The ads in the magazines need to be eye-catching, yet simple and elegant. Make sure you do not put too much information to herd the page; in that case, you can provide web details for more information. Magazines are published weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annually, and many of them are sold all over the world. The advertisements and magazine subscription fees are the fund providers for the magazines.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-print-media.html
Billboards :
Billboards have mostly become digital, but they qualify under the category of print media―after all, the advertisements are printed on the billboard. These include text and graphics―mostly as a combination―so as to make it more appealing. Billboards have fixed locations and are huge in size so that it can be seen and read from a long distance. Billboard advertisements are the most costliest in the print media category. The price depends on the size, location of the billboard, and mostly on the duration of the advertisement. Apart from advertisements, a lot of promotional activities are also done by making use of billboards. Even though it costs a lot, it helps in targeting all the market segments.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-print-media.html
Books :
Books are the oldest form of print media that are used as a way of communication and information piece. After printing was invented, books were printed giving knowledge of various sectors to the world. A book is actually a collection of many printed pages, which are later bound together. They give an opportunity to writers to spread their knowledge about a particular subject to the whole world. They are a diverse platform comprising varied topics that include literature, history, fiction stories, autobiographies, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and many more, that not only increase our knowledge but also entertain us.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-print-media.html
Banners/Posters :
Banners at many places are made of cloth, or paper and are used to show slogans, logos, or some messages. It is also used for advertising brands in exhibitions, giving out the names of products, or services that are being provided. Communication details are also an important part of these banners. Like banners, posters also come under the same category for the same purpose. These are mostly hung at a height and are made attractive so as to catch the attention of the passersby. The primary use of posters can be seen in political campaigns. Both banners and posters are customized and include text as well as graphics―that too in a huge size so that the message is seen from far. It is a self-made form of advertising.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-print-media.html
Brochures :
A brochure, also known as pamphlet, is a kind of booklet that contains the details of the company, or organization. Generally, brochures are for takeaway, so as to keep the brand in the mind of the audience. They are distributed in exhibitions, or shops in which particulars of the product, or service of the company are provided along with communication details. It is very necessary that the brochure contains all the required details of the product or service with terms and conditions along with the charges. Brochures generally consist of two or three folds of glossy and colorful sheets with some nice presentation. They are mostly distributed by hand, sent by mails, or you may find them at brochure racks as well.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-print-media.html
Electronic Media :
Radio:
The radio marked a turning point, in the way information was conveyed or transferred, because it used sound to capture the attention of audiences. Being the first communications medium that could transfer or transmit live voices over long distances, radio was and still is one of the most effective medium. People depended and still depend upon it as a source of important news, and information. The importance and optimum use of radio as a mass media was nowhere more evident than in World War 1. Radio was used to send diplomatic messages when Germany found out the British had tapped its cables. It made itself a medium that audiences found as their connection to all that happened worldwide. If they ever knew that television and the Internet, would take the world by storm in this day and age, they'd be blown away by how we're advancing, and still in the running to make it bigger and better.
Television:
The progression of television has come a long way from black and white and color TV to plasma and LCD TVs. The advent of this ever-changing medium started in the late 1930s, for entertainment and news purposes initially. Now, we have advertising, that has been incorporated into entertainment and news, to give viewers a chance to avail from products/services. There's also a new way of accessing the Internet, by using a 'Web TV' that is hooked up instead of a PC, to browse information, and watch streaming videos on large LCD screens. After production of the TV program, a news channel has to make it available to the market, for those who are interested in viewing it. These programs can be talk shows, cooking shows, serials, movies and so on. There are two ways that is done.
New age Media :
Internet :
Internet technology has paved the way to revolutionize all that we thought was either hidden or inaccessible. From the different types of media, the history of the Internet can be termed to be, by far, man's greatest innovation story. The Internet has made it possible to contact others worldwide, nationally and locally; to send emails and be a part of chat rooms and conferences; blogging with discussion boards, opinion polls and forums; webcam viewing; global mapping using 'Google Earth'; sending and receiving images and files; downloading from the Internet through websites; signing up to a social networking websites; radio stations with live streaming; video streaming and lots more. It has stomped out conventional norms, with every teenager, adult and senior owning either a laptop or PC today. News can also be viewed via satellite with reporters covering events on site and sending it via the Internet to broadcasting news networks. It's an amalgamation of uses, that is above all user-friendly and hi-tech. Using radio waves and frequency, not to mention satellite transmissions - we are able to access a whole new domain when it comes down to getting what we want and need within minutes. The Internet revolution has made it easier for people to get in touch, fuel business, make profits, shop and access free information from any Internet access enabled device. It is truly a technology that speaks for itself.
Mobile Phones:
Mobility and portability of media, or as Paul Levinson calls it in his book Cellphone, “the media-in-motion business”[1] has been a process in the works ever since the “first time someone thought to write on a tablet that could be lifted and hauled – rather than on a cave wall, a cliff face, a monument that usually was stuck in place, more or less forever”.[2]For a time, mobile media devices such as mobile phones and PDA’s were the primary source of portable media from which we could obtain information and communicate with one another. More recently, the smartphone (which has combined many features of the cell phone with the PDA) has rendered the PDA next to obsolete.[3] The growth of new mobile media as a true force in society was marked by smartphone sales outpacing personal computer sales in 2011
These types of media are objects of fascination and awe, with technology advances to make it better, faster and easier to handle. As with any medium of communication, it can be put to good use and also be misused. Depending on the type of media coverage, a product, news or any piece of information can be used or misused according to the intention of the user. With the advent of faster and quicker means of media communication the fine line between ethical and non ethical media has begun to blur. So the next time you hook yourself onto a hi-tech gadget or innovation, think about what lies ahead in terms of progression. Man is constantly coming up with ways to mesh technology with the slow rise in the standard of living; who knows where it'll lead us or what's in store for the future.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-media.html
Social media: is the collective of online communications channels dedicated to community-based input, interaction, content-sharing and collaboration. Websites and applications dedicated to forums, microblogging, social networking, social bookmarking, social curation, and wikis are among the different types of social media.
As you think through all of the options for getting involved in social media, they all fall into 6 general bucks.
There are 6 types of social media.
This week I will introduce you to each of the types of social media and then we will go more in depth in the coming weeks.
Social Networks - Services that allow you to connect with other people of similar interests and background. Usually they consist of a profile, various ways to interact with other users, ability to setup groups, etc. The most popular are Facebook and LinkedIn.
Bookmarking Sites - Services that allow you to save, organize and manage links to various websites and resources around the internet. Most allow you to “tag” your links to make them easy to search and share. The most popular are Delicious and StumbleUpon.
Social News - Services that allow people to post various news items or links to outside articles and then allows it’s users to”vote” on the items. The voting is the core social aspect as the items that get the most votes are displayed the most prominently. The community decides which news items get seen by more people. The most popular are Digg and Reddit.
Media Sharing - Services that allow you to upload and share various media such as pictures and video. Most services have additional social features such as profiles, commenting, etc. The most popular are YouTube and Flickr.
Microblogging - Services that focus on short updates that are pushed out to anyone subscribed to receive the updates. The most popular is Twitter.
Blog Comments and Forums - Online forums allow members to hold conversations by posting messages. Blog comments are similar except they are attached to blogs and usually the discussion centers around the topic of the blog post. There are MANY popular blogs and forums.
Keep in mind that, while these are the 6 different types of social media, there can be overlap among the various services. For instance, Facebook has microblogging features with their “status update”. Also, Flicker and YouTube have comment systems similar to that of blogs.
Social media is the collective of online communications channels dedicated to community-based input, interaction, content-sharing and collaboration. Websites and applications dedicated to forums, microblogging, social networking, social bookmarking, social curation, and wikis are among the different types of social media.
Here are some prominent examples of social media:
Facebook is a popular free social networking website that allows registered users to create profiles, upload photos and video, send messages and keep in touch with friends, family and colleagues. According to statistics from the Nielsen Group, Internet users within the United States spend more time on Facebook than any other website.
Twitter is a free microblogging service that allows registered members to broadcast short posts called tweets. Twitter members can broadcast tweets and follow other users' tweets by using multiple platforms and devices.
Wikipedia is a free, open content online encyclopedia created through the collaborative effort of a community of users known as Wikipedians. Anyone registered on the site can create an article for publication; registration is not required to edit articles. Wikipedia was founded in January of 2001.
LinkedIn is a social networking site designed specifically for the business community. The goal of the site is to allow registered members to establish and document networks of people they know and trust professionally.
Reddit is a social news website and forum where stories are socially curated and promoted by site members. The site is composed of hundreds of sub-communities, known as "subreddits." Each subreddit has a specific topic such as technology, politics or music. Reddit site members, also known as, "redditors," submit content which is then voted upon by other members. The goal is to send well-regarded stories to the top of the site's main thread page.
Pinterest is a social curation website for sharing and categorizing images found online. Pinterest requires brief descriptions but the main focus of the site is visual. Clicking on an image will take you to the original source, so, for example, if you click on a picture of a pair of shoes, you might be taken to a site where you can purchase them. An image of blueberry pancakes might take you to the recipe; a picture of a whimsical birdhouse might take you to the instructions.
Social media is becoming an integral part of life online as social websites and applications proliferate. Most traditional online media include social components, such as comment fields for users. The term "social media" is likely to lose meaning as the social aspect of the Web becomes increasingly taken for granted.
Functions of the Media :
The media has immense power within the American democracy because just about all Americans get their news from the media rather than from other people or other sources. Media coverage shapes how Americans perceive the world and what they consider to be important. Voters and politicians alike must pay attention to the media. In the American political system, the media perform a number of functions important to the democratic process. The media reports the news, serves as an intermediary between the government and the people, helps determine which issues should be discussed, and keeps people actively involved in society and politics.
Reporting the News:
Perhaps the most important role of the media in politics is to report the news. As noted above, the vast majority of people must trust the media to provide them with information. Democracy requires that citizens be informed because they must be able to make educated voting choices.
Media Bias:
These days, politicians often complain of bias in the media, usually a liberal bias against the views of conservative politicians. They complain that the media’s ability to decide which stories to report often reflects its partisanship. Although this is true to some extent, most major newspapers and television news stations report the same stories more or less objectively. Bias is often restricted to the media outlet’s commentary and opinion pages.
Types of Reporting:
For much of American history (until the early twentieth century), most news media were clearly and openly biased. Many newspapers, for example, were simply the voices of the political parties. This type of journalism is called partisan journalism. Other newspapers practiced yellow journalism, reporting shocking and sordid stories in order to attract readers and sell more papers. Objective reporting (also called descriptive reporting) did not appear until the early twentieth century. Newspaper publishers such as Adolph Ochs of the New York Times championed objective journalism and praised reporters for simply reporting the facts. Although most journalists today still practice objective journalism, more and more are beginning to analyze and interpret the material they present, a practice called interpretive reporting.
Yellow Journalism :
The media has influenced politics throughout American history. The most prominent—and notorious—example is the role of William Randolph Hearst’s newspapers in starting the Spanish-American War in 1898. According to the legend, Hearst’s papers ran many stories chronicling the cruelty of Spanish colonial rule. When the American battleship Maine exploded under mysterious circumstances, Hearst seized the moment, alleging that the Spanish had destroyed the ship. War soon followed. Few media moguls have this much direct influence, but with media consolidation, some worry that the media has too much power.
Being the Common Carrier:
The media plays a common-carrier role by providing a line of communication between the government and the people. This communication goes both ways: The people learn about what the government is doing, and the government learns from the media what the public is thinking.
Setting the Agenda:
Journalists cannot report on an infinite number of stories, so they must choose which are the most newsworthy. By choosing which stories to present to the public, the news media helps determine the most important issues; in other words, the journalists set the agenda. Agenda-setting is crucial because it shapes which issues will be debated in public. Sometimes political scientists refer to agenda-setting as signaling because the media signals which stories are the most important when they decide what to report.
Pack Journalism :
Critics allege that journalists often copy one another without doing their own investigating. When one newspaper runs a story, for example, many others will run similar stories soon afterward. Critics refer to this tendency as pack journalism.
Acting as the Public Representative:
The media sometimes acts as a public representative by holding government officials accountable on behalf of the people. Many people argue that the media is ill equipped to play this role because the media does not face the same type of accountability that politicians face. Serving as the representative of the public, moreover, could undermine the media’s objectivity because the act of representing the people might require reporters to take a position on an issue.
Example: The classic example of watchdog journalism, or activist reporting that attempts to hold government officials and institutions accountable for their actions, is the Watergate investigations of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. The Washington Post reporters doggedly pursued allegations of campaign misdeeds and presidential crimes despite the fact that many Americans did not care. Journalists have exposed many other government scandals and misdeeds, including the Iran-Contra affair and the Lewinsky scandal.
Attack Journalism :
Since the Watergate scandal brought down a president, investigative journalism has become more prestigious, and many reporters try to make a career around uncovering scandals. Some people complain, though, that all reporters want to be the new Woodward or Bernstein, interested only in breaking the next big story. These critics say that investigative journalism has become attack journalism:Journalists only care about bringing down a prominent person, not about the truth or the common good. Critics of attack journalism believe that President Bill Clinton’s impeachment in 1998 was the result of attack journalism and partisan politics. The rise of attack journalism has brought to light questions about the proper role of journalism.
Socializing People:
In the United States, the media plays a big role in socializing people to American society, culture, and politics. Much of what young people and immigrants learn about American culture and politics comes from magazines, radio shows, and television. Many people worry that young people are exposed to too much violence and sex in the media, knowing the effect it will have on children’s views and development.
Providing a Political Forum:
The media also provides a public forum for debates between political leaders. During campaigns, opposing candidates often broadcast advertisements and debate with each other on television. Many voters learn a great deal about the candidates and the issues by watching these ads and debates. Even during years without elections, though, the news media allows elected official to explain their actions via news stories and interviews.
Media is an umbrella term for the different kinds of mediums that enrich us with knowledge, and vital information. It is the circuit that runs through society, in the form of visual, print and audio mediums, namely - television, newspaper (magazines, tabloids and newsletters), radio and the Internet. These mediums play different roles when it comes to communicating to the audiences at large, as well as altering their perceptions.
Advertising agencies take advantage of an audience's nature, and therefore give out repetitive messages of a brand or place that can - make their lives better and improve lifestyles; showcase technology that is eye-catching; food products that are healthy; medicines that are effective; cost saving plans with insurance suggestions; bank loans and mutual fund investments; attractive holiday packages and apartments and so on. We witness everyday how these different types of mass media change and aid us in our day-to-day dilemmas, making things more accessible and extremely convenient. It's an arm stretch or a mouse click away, making us rely on these mediums as we live out our lives.
Media History Timeline
(compiled by Prof. Jim McPherson, Whitworth College, 2002)
4000 B.C. – Sumerian stamp seals
3100 B.C. – Sumerian “writing” system on clay tablets
2000 B.C. – Phoenician alphabet
1900-1800 B.C. – Semitic alphabet in Egypt
600 B.C. – Egyptian papyrus scrolls
540 B.C. – Public library in Athens
105 A.D. – Chinese paper (didn’t arrive in West for centuries)
1450 – Gutenberg press (leads to Protestant Revolution, among other things)
1517 – Martin Luther nails “Ninety Five Theses” to church door in Wittenberg, Germany
1534 – first press in America (Spanish America)
1500s – Italian gazettes
1618 – Dutch Coranto (printed in English in 1620)
1638 – first press in what would become U.S. (Harvard College)
1644 – John Milton denounces licensing of the press in Areopagitica
1665 – Oxford Gazette (first English-language newspaper) in England
1690 – First American newspaper: Publick Occurrences (lasts one issue)
1704 – First successful American newspaper: The Boston News-Letter
1735 – John Peter Zenger trial
1741 – First American magazines
1783-1833 – Rise of Party Press
1791 – Bill of Rights (including First Amendment) ratified
1798 – Alien and Sedition Acts passed
1821 – Saturday Evening Post founded
1827 – First African-American newspaper in U.S.: Freedom’s Journal
1828 – First Native American newspaper in U.S.: Cherokee Phoenix
1828 – Noah Webster publishes first dictionary
1833s – New York Sun begins publication; rise of the Penny Press
1844 – Samuel Morse granted patent for telegraph. First message, May 24: “What hath God wrought?” Second message: “Have you any news?”
1848 – Associated Press founded
1860-1865 – Civil War brings home “necessity” of news
1877 – Thomas Edison invents the “talking machine”
1888 – Edison lab develops movie camera
1888 – George Eastman introduces the Kodak camera
1888 – Heinrich Hertz transmits wireless sound waves
1890 – Linotype machine introduced at newspapers
1891 –Edison patents Kinetoscope – first parlor opens 1894 in New York
1890s – first “New Journalism” period; “Yellow Journalism”
1890s – Edison develops mass market phonograph
1894 – Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World starts daily women’s page
1899 – “Stunt girl” Nellie Bly circles the world
1901 – Guglielmo Marconi sends and receives radio message across the Atlantic (Morse code, point to point)
1900s – Muckraking magazines
1905 – First “nickelodeon”
1906 – Reginald Fessenden broadcasts voice
1911 – Newsreels begin; continue into 1960s
1912 – Titanic sinks; leads to Federal Radio Act of 1912
1914-1918 – World War I propaganda, censorship, technology
1915 – D.W. Griffith releases Birth of a Nation, first full-length film to significantly impact culture
1917 – Charlie Chaplin becomes the first entertainer to earn $1 million
1919 – RCA founded
1920 – First radio stations in U.S. and Canada
1920s – “Jazz Journalism” tabloids
1922 – Reader’s Digest magazine founded
1923 – Lee de Forest shows first “talkie”
1923 – Time magazine debuts
1923 – A.C. Nielsen company begins
1923 – AT&T links two radio stations for first “network”
1927 – Federal Radio Act sets up commission to regulate airwaves
1927 – Philo Farnsworth applies for electronic TV patents
1927 – The Jazz Singer released
1928 – Academy Awards given for the first time (Wings wins Best Picture)
1930s & 40s – “Golden Age of Movies”
1933 – Eleanor Roosevelt insists on women-only press conferences (“the Roosevelt Rule”)
1934 – Federal Communications Commission (FCC) established
1936 – England is first country with regular TV broadcasts
1936 – Life magazine debuts
1938 – Orson Welles’ “War of the Worlds” broadcast
1939 – TV is a hit at the World’s Fair
1939 – First FM radio station started in New Jersey
1941 – First TV commercial advertises a Bulova clock
1941 – Welles’s Citizen Kane released; sometimes called the best movie of all time
1942 – John H. Johnson starts Negro Digest; would later found Ebony and Jet
1947 – Red Scare leads to congressional investigation of Hollywood
1948 – Supreme Court hands down Paramount Decision
1950 – Red Channels: The Communist Influence in Radio and Television ruins careers
1950s – “Golden Age of Television”
1951 – “I Love Lucy” debuts; uses film and three cameras
1952 – FCC lifts “the Freeze” imposed in 1948
1952 – Eisenhower runs 20-second campaign spot
1953 – TV Guide magazine debuts; Lucille Ball and her newborn son on first cover
1953 – Playboy magazine introduced; Marilyn Monroe is first centerfold
1954 – Edward R. Murrow’s “See It Now” focuses on Joseph McCarthy
1954 – Elvis Presley discovered by Sam Phillips of Sun Records
1958 – videotape introduced
1959 – Quiz show scandal rocks television industry
1960 – Kennedy-Nixon debate
1963 – Network news expands from 15 minutes to 30 minutes
1963 – Betty Friedan writes The Feminine Mystique
1964 – New York Times v. Sullivan gives press new right to criticize public officials
1964 – The Beatles first tour America
1965-1970s – Second “New Journalism” period; literary journalism; underground newspapers
1967 – Congress passes Public Broadcasting Act; PBS formed
Late 1960s – Internet formed for exchange of ideas, not available to general public
1969 – Neal Armstrong walks on moon; we see it on TV
1969 – ABC introduces made-for-TV movies
1970 – Feminists stage sit-in at Ladies Home Journal
1972 – Ms. magazine launched
1972 – Life magazine died; came back as monthly from 1978 to 2000
1972 – Boylan v. New York Times sex discrimination lawsuit filed
1972 – Cigarette advertising banned from TV
1974 – Richard Nixon resigns, a result of Watergate coverage
1974 – People magazine introduced
1975 – Home Box Office (formed by Time, Inc. in 1972) begins satellite distribution of TV; Ted Turner starts first “superstation”
1975 – Sony Betamax home videocassette recorder introduced
1976 – Matsushita introduces VHS
1978 – laser disc player introduced; largely a failure, but opened door for CDs
1979 – Sony Walkman appears in Japan
1979 – Iranian hostage crisis leads to “Nightline” and loss by Jimmy Carter to a former radio broadcaster and movie actor
1980 – “Who Shot J.R.?” on “Dallas” is first TV season-ending cliff-hanger
1981 – MTV (Music Television) first airs; first video is “Video Killed the Radio Star”
1982 – USA Today begins publication
1982 – Home shopping network debuts
1983 – Sony introduces CD player
1990s – Internet access opened to general public; changes everything
1996 – Telecommunications Act of 1996 brings V-chip, deregulation, and dramatic increase in mergers and takeovers Positive affects of media:
2. Mass media has given each of us a platform to voice our opinions on all sorts of social and political issues and share information with one another. It has brought out easy ways of communication and provided us with easily accessible means to reach out to people in various parts of the world.Thanks to technological development, we have been able to obtain a platform that enables us to present ourselves to the rest of the world. The negative influences of media that are a result of an overexposure to it, are most often talked about. It is true to a certain extent that media has affected the society in a negative manner. But, undoubtedly, media has proved being a bliss.
3. The media like television, radio and the Internet increase an overall awareness of the masses. They enhance the general knowledge by providing us with information from all over the world. News broadcast through different media helps us know about the day-to-day events in the world.News, tele-films and documentaries revolving around social issues increase a social awareness in children and develop their concern towards society.
4. Newspapers, apart from updating us with the latest news and new information, also contribute to the enhancement of our vocabulary. Newspapers are the best beginners in developing reading habits in children. Through the print media, they provide the general public with a platform to give updates about their parts of the city,exchange their views over different issues that the society faces and share their thoughts on a larger scale.
5. Media serve as the best means for a speedy spread of news about important incidents or events taking place. What has happened in the remotest corner of the world can reach us within minutes, thanks to media.The speed that technology has achieved is helpful in times of crisis when media is to be used for reporting news needing immediate attention.
6. Media has brought about a major transformation in the way people think. Media has given them an excellent platform to present themselvesbefore the world and contribute in their own way to the changing world scenario. Media has been responsible for making the world a smaller place to live.
7. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/positive-effects-of-the-media.html
Introduction
You want to imitate an action sequence just because your favorite action hero looked 'cool' doing it. You want to wear the LBD just because you are a fan of Coco Chanel. You want to wear the shade of nail polish Lady Gaga wears for that frantic gaga look. You want to sport your favorite actors' hairstyles and you want to walk like those ramp models do. You want to do everything that people from the glamor world do, you want to be like your favorite celebrity. Just like them, even you want to be in the news. Any publicity is good publicity, you begin to feel. Your role models are people that the media exposes you to. You want to be someone, but not yourself! And now you say media does not influence you! Oh come on, it surely does! Mass media does affect the way in which masses think and act. It influences their behavior both positively and negatively. The positive effects are surely celebrated by one and all. But the negative effects are not conducive to a healthy society. Here, we will try to understand how media influences us neg
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-influences-of-media.html
Media's Negative Influence
Blind Imitation: When you try to imitate your role models from the glamor industry, do you give a thought to whether you are doing right or wrong? It is often seen that young girls and boys imitate celebrities blindly. The impact of media is such that the wrong, the controversial, and the bad is more talked about. Sometimes, little things are blown out of proportion thus changing the way they are perceived by the audience. Media highlights controversies and scandals in the lives of celebrities. The masses fall for this being-in-the-news and end up imitating celebrities without much thought. Those at a vulnerable age, especially children and teenagers, are highly influenced by anything that is put before them in a jazzy way. At that age, they are attracted to anything that's flashy and anything that can make news.
Wrong Message: The negatives in society are highlighted with the purpose of awakening people about them. For example, the negative effects of addiction are portrayed through advertisements. Newspapers, television and the Internet are used to convey social messages. But unfortunately sometimes, the message is misconstrued. The 'awakening' does not reach everyone or it reaches the masses in the wrong way. So there is a section positively influenced by the media while there are others who take the wrong message from it. Media influences them negatively. What is shown with an intent to 'spread a message' ends up becoming a bombardment of the bad, the ugly. The bad is overinflated and the good goes unnoticed. Depiction of the bad has a negative impact on kids not mature enough to interpret what they are being shown. It's not just media to be blamed in this case. Parents and teachers have a big role to play in selecting what the young should see and what they should not.
Negativity: To some extent, media is responsible for generating negative feelings among those exposed to it. An early exposure to bold or violent films, books publishing adult content and news portraying ugly social practices has a deep impact on young minds. If children are bombarded with fight sequences, stunt work, sex and rape scenes, suicides and murders through books or movies, they are bound to leave a scar on these impressionable minds. And not just children, the unpleasant can impact even an adult's mind. Adults may have the maturity to distinguish between the good and the bad, but bombarding only the bad can affect anyone at least at the subconscious level. Haven't you had experiences of a bad dream after watching a violent movie? Or of imagining something scary happening to you after watching a horror film? Or a sudden fear gripping your mind after reading about a murder in your city? The reality should be depicted but not so gaudily that it'll have a lasting impact on people's minds.
Unhealthy Lifestyle: Media is held responsible for the change in eating habits of teenagers and the unhealthy lifestyle they are adopting. You ask me why? Well, because there are these junk food advertisements everywhere. There's no one advertising the benefits of eating fresh fruit everyday, no one's promoting drinking 8 glasses of water daily. The benefits of following a balanced diet are not being hyped anywhere. Media is exposing the masses to fast food products, canned food, fad diets, and energy drinks. This is leading teenagers to adopt unhealthy eating habits. No one's propagating the importance of exercising to keep fit. But there are advertisements of expensive exercise equipment, and weight and fat loss programs. Watching TV or browsing the web late night is spoiling the sleeping habits of many.
Information Overload: The media in itself is so addictive that once glued to it, you tend to forget everything else. When you are not watching TV, you are surfing the Internet, when you are not on the web, you are reading newspapers, when you are not reading anything, you are listening to something. Thus, all the time, you are glued to some form of media. It is bombarding you with content, news, information, gossip, rumors - it is exposing you to everything it has, some things necessary, some not; some things important, some not, some things you want to ignore, some things you cannot. Media is everywhere, affecting every aspect of life.
Media Addiction: The negative effects of media on children are manifested in terms of their changing mental setup and the declining quality of their lifestyle. Children should invest more time reading good books, studying, playing outdoors and exercising. Due to the oh-so-alluring media, most of their time is spent glued to the television, reading celebrity gossip, listening to something sensational or wandering aimlessly on the Internet. With a 'world' of information and entertainment waiting on the other side of a computer or TV screen, it's not unnatural for anyone to spend hours exploring it; it's addictive. This affects kids and teenagers the most, as they are exposed to things they might interpret wrongly or may not even understand at that age.
Self-hatred: Women with petite bodies and girls with a barbie figure are always shown to be more popular or attractive while the overweight are portrayed as less popular, having less friends and being bullied. This leads to a notion that thin is sexy and fat is not. When this thought grips the minds of youngsters, they take to fad diets or turn to cosmetic surgeries to get that so-called perfect body. The craze for models or actors and actresses, makes teenagers want bodies and facial features like theirs. To get rid of a big nose or to get those big pouty lips, teenagers are ready to go under the knife.
Health Problems: Media has negative effects on the physical and psychological well-being of society. People spending hours in front of a television or surfing the Internet experience eye problems. Lack of physical activity leads to obesity problems. Media influences public opinion and impacts the choices that people make. The media does play a role in portraying thin as beautiful and fat as ugly. It has led to a general opinion that size-zero is the in thing and fat and chubby are out. This makes the overweight feel out of place. They are ready to starve themselves to lose weight. This can, and has led to increasing cases of anorexia. An inferiority complex and lowered confidence in people with not-so-perfect bodies can lead to eating disorders. In a survey done on fifth graders by the National Institute on Media and the Family, it was found that kids had become dissatisfied with their bodies after watching a video of a certain very popular artiste and a certain scene from a popular TV show (names omitted on purpose).
Changed Outlook: The media has, in its own way, changed people's outlook towards life. Media is the interface through which millions look at the world outside. Media claims to depict the 'today', but not all types of media show only the truth. With the intent of stressing their point or for grabbing greater attention from the masses, media hypes or exaggerates things to a certain degree. Not everyone is able to filter that element. Most believe everything to be real, especially kids and teenagers.
Fact-Fantasy Confusion: Vampires, werewolves, witches, ghosts - where did they come from? Fairies, superheroes, angels - where did they come from? It's not only media to be blamed, as these characters belong to folklore. But media did play a role in propagating these characters and making them seem real. Aren't there ghost and vampire stories that media claims as real? These characters enter our world through books and movies. There is no denying their amusement value or entertainment quotient. But isn't it too much to blindly believe that they exist? Fiction is amusing only till the distinction between fact and fiction is clear. The reel entertains only till its difference from the real is understood. When the two worlds mix, life becomes difficult.
Right-or-Wrong Dilemma: The media is so overwhelming that the masses end up believing everything it says/shows. Media sources are so many in number and all of them so convincingly make their point, that it is hard to distinguish between right and wrong. The media is constantly bombarding us with information. How far do we go to check its authenticity? How deep do we dig to get to the root of something that's making news? How critically do we judge the reality of reality shows and the truth behind true stories? We don't think, we believe. We don't judge, we get influenced. And that's how impactive media is.
While a certain amount of exposure to media is essential for introducing ourselves to the world outside, excessive exposure, uncontrolled access and belief without thought won't lead us anywhere. They will only make the negative influence of media more obvious.
The Solution
The solution to avoiding the negative influence of media lies in limiting media exposure and choosing what to watch. News sources often bombard you with the same negative stories over and over again, in order to increase the impact. Sometimes, small incidents or events in the lives of celebrities and politicians are hyped, in order to make them more sensational. Refrain from watching such programs or news. Instead, watch good programs that carry healthy content, engage in positive activities, and encourage others to do the same. As a responsible adult (parent or teacher), exercise control on the media exposure that kids and teenagers get.
Media portrayals give rise to stereotypes, affecting your mindset. Advertisements carry subliminal messages influencing buyers' psychology, or carry direct messages that bear a negative influence. It's not possible to insulate yourself completely from the effects of media, even if you limit the exposure. And there are so many things you see around you, without choosing to watch them. The only way to shield yourself from them, is to not allow them to influence you. Don't take media portrayals by their word. Don't believe in them without thinking. Use your judgment before following or falling for anything. Put things in perspective, and don't let the media influence you to do the wrong things.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-influences-of-media.html
Monday 16, December,2013
Media
Types of Media
Article retrieved from(http://www.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/american-government/the-media/section3.rhtml)
The different types of media include print media, electronic media and new age media. Print media includes newspapers, books and pamphlets. Electronic media includes television and radio while the new age media include the internet and mobile phones.
Summary of types of media : The different types of media include print media, electronic media and new age media. Print media includes newspapers, books and pamphlets. Electronic media includes television and radio while the new age media include the internet and mobile phones.
Types of Media
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The term news media refers to the groups that communicate information and news to people. Most Americans get their information about government from the news media because it would be impossible to gather all the news themselves. Media outlets have responded to the increasing reliance of Americans on television and the Internet by making the news even more readily available to people. There are three main types of news media: print media, broadcast media, and the Internet.
Print Media
The oldest media forms are newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, and other printed material. These publications are collectively known as the print media. Although print media readership has declined in the last few decades, many Americans still read a newspaper every day or a newsmagazine on a regular basis. The influence of print media is therefore significant. Regular readers of print media tend to be more likely to be politically active.
The print media is responsible for more reporting than other news sources. Many news reports on television, for example, are merely follow-up stories about news that first appeared in newspapers. The top American newspapers, such as the New York Times, the Washington Post, and the Los Angeles Times, often set the agenda for many other media sources , so it includes :
Newspapers :
Newspapers are the most popular form of print media. They are generally delivered at home, or are available at newsstands, and it is the most inexpensive way to reach a huge mass of people quickly. A newspaper is divided into various segments containing current events, sports, food, entertainment, fashion, finances, politics, advertisements, informative articles, and so on. The advertiser, in this case, can choose from a daily newspaper to a weekly tabloid. Different types of newspapers cater to various audiences, and one can select the particular category accordingly. Advertisers then design press advertisements, wherein the size is decided as per the budget of the client.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-print-media.html
Newsletters :
A newsletter is a publication that mostly covers one main topic. Sometimes, people have to subscribe for the newsletters, or many a time, they are even free. Newsletters are generally used as information sources for neighborhood, communities, and groups having an interest about that particular topic, or event. They are also used for promotional purpose, political campaigns, or for causes. Newsletters are also used in many schools as a communication tool for parents, which give them information about what is new in the school. Many companies make use of newsletters as a marketing strategy to provide all the information to customers and employees. After newspapers, they are a good way of reaching out to a huge number of people.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-print-media.html
Magazines :
Magazines provide detailed articles on various topics, like food, fashion, sports, finance, lifestyle, and so on. Advertising in magazines costs a bit more, but it is a great way to target some market segments. The ads in the magazines need to be eye-catching, yet simple and elegant. Make sure you do not put too much information to herd the page; in that case, you can provide web details for more information. Magazines are published weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annually, and many of them are sold all over the world. The advertisements and magazine subscription fees are the fund providers for the magazines.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-print-media.html
Billboards :
Billboards have mostly become digital, but they qualify under the category of print media―after all, the advertisements are printed on the billboard. These include text and graphics―mostly as a combination―so as to make it more appealing. Billboards have fixed locations and are huge in size so that it can be seen and read from a long distance. Billboard advertisements are the most costliest in the print media category. The price depends on the size, location of the billboard, and mostly on the duration of the advertisement. Apart from advertisements, a lot of promotional activities are also done by making use of billboards. Even though it costs a lot, it helps in targeting all the market segments.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-print-media.html
Books :
Books are the oldest form of print media that are used as a way of communication and information piece. After printing was invented, books were printed giving knowledge of various sectors to the world. A book is actually a collection of many printed pages, which are later bound together. They give an opportunity to writers to spread their knowledge about a particular subject to the whole world. They are a diverse platform comprising varied topics that include literature, history, fiction stories, autobiographies, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and many more, that not only increase our knowledge but also entertain us.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-print-media.html
Banners/Posters :
Banners at many places are made of cloth, or paper and are used to show slogans, logos, or some messages. It is also used for advertising brands in exhibitions, giving out the names of products, or services that are being provided. Communication details are also an important part of these banners. Like banners, posters also come under the same category for the same purpose. These are mostly hung at a height and are made attractive so as to catch the attention of the passersby. The primary use of posters can be seen in political campaigns. Both banners and posters are customized and include text as well as graphics―that too in a huge size so that the message is seen from far. It is a self-made form of advertising.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-print-media.html
Brochures :
A brochure, also known as pamphlet, is a kind of booklet that contains the details of the company, or organization. Generally, brochures are for takeaway, so as to keep the brand in the mind of the audience. They are distributed in exhibitions, or shops in which particulars of the product, or service of the company are provided along with communication details. It is very necessary that the brochure contains all the required details of the product or service with terms and conditions along with the charges. Brochures generally consist of two or three folds of glossy and colorful sheets with some nice presentation. They are mostly distributed by hand, sent by mails, or you may find them at brochure racks as well.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-print-media.html
Electronic Media :
Radio:
The radio marked a turning point, in the way information was conveyed or transferred, because it used sound to capture the attention of audiences. Being the first communications medium that could transfer or transmit live voices over long distances, radio was and still is one of the most effective medium. People depended and still depend upon it as a source of important news, and information. The importance and optimum use of radio as a mass media was nowhere more evident than in World War 1. Radio was used to send diplomatic messages when Germany found out the British had tapped its cables. It made itself a medium that audiences found as their connection to all that happened worldwide. If they ever knew that television and the Internet, would take the world by storm in this day and age, they'd be blown away by how we're advancing, and still in the running to make it bigger and better.
Television:
The progression of television has come a long way from black and white and color TV to plasma and LCD TVs. The advent of this ever-changing medium started in the late 1930s, for entertainment and news purposes initially. Now, we have advertising, that has been incorporated into entertainment and news, to give viewers a chance to avail from products/services. There's also a new way of accessing the Internet, by using a 'Web TV' that is hooked up instead of a PC, to browse information, and watch streaming videos on large LCD screens. After production of the TV program, a news channel has to make it available to the market, for those who are interested in viewing it. These programs can be talk shows, cooking shows, serials, movies and so on. There are two ways that is done.
New age Media :
Internet :
Internet technology has paved the way to revolutionize all that we thought was either hidden or inaccessible. From the different types of media, the history of the Internet can be termed to be, by far, man's greatest innovation story. The Internet has made it possible to contact others worldwide, nationally and locally; to send emails and be a part of chat rooms and conferences; blogging with discussion boards, opinion polls and forums; webcam viewing; global mapping using 'Google Earth'; sending and receiving images and files; downloading from the Internet through websites; signing up to a social networking websites; radio stations with live streaming; video streaming and lots more. It has stomped out conventional norms, with every teenager, adult and senior owning either a laptop or PC today. News can also be viewed via satellite with reporters covering events on site and sending it via the Internet to broadcasting news networks. It's an amalgamation of uses, that is above all user-friendly and hi-tech. Using radio waves and frequency, not to mention satellite transmissions - we are able to access a whole new domain when it comes down to getting what we want and need within minutes. The Internet revolution has made it easier for people to get in touch, fuel business, make profits, shop and access free information from any Internet access enabled device. It is truly a technology that speaks for itself.
Mobile Phones:
Mobility and portability of media, or as Paul Levinson calls it in his book Cellphone, “the media-in-motion business”[1] has been a process in the works ever since the “first time someone thought to write on a tablet that could be lifted and hauled – rather than on a cave wall, a cliff face, a monument that usually was stuck in place, more or less forever”.[2]For a time, mobile media devices such as mobile phones and PDA’s were the primary source of portable media from which we could obtain information and communicate with one another. More recently, the smartphone (which has combined many features of the cell phone with the PDA) has rendered the PDA next to obsolete.[3] The growth of new mobile media as a true force in society was marked by smartphone sales outpacing personal computer sales in 2011
These types of media are objects of fascination and awe, with technology advances to make it better, faster and easier to handle. As with any medium of communication, it can be put to good use and also be misused. Depending on the type of media coverage, a product, news or any piece of information can be used or misused according to the intention of the user. With the advent of faster and quicker means of media communication the fine line between ethical and non ethical media has begun to blur. So the next time you hook yourself onto a hi-tech gadget or innovation, think about what lies ahead in terms of progression. Man is constantly coming up with ways to mesh technology with the slow rise in the standard of living; who knows where it'll lead us or what's in store for the future.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-media.html
Social media: is the collective of online communications channels dedicated to community-based input, interaction, content-sharing and collaboration. Websites and applications dedicated to forums, microblogging, social networking, social bookmarking, social curation, and wikis are among the different types of social media.
As you think through all of the options for getting involved in social media, they all fall into 6 general bucks.
There are 6 types of social media.
This week I will introduce you to each of the types of social media and then we will go more in depth in the coming weeks.
Social Networks - Services that allow you to connect with other people of similar interests and background. Usually they consist of a profile, various ways to interact with other users, ability to setup groups, etc. The most popular are Facebook and LinkedIn.
Bookmarking Sites - Services that allow you to save, organize and manage links to various websites and resources around the internet. Most allow you to “tag” your links to make them easy to search and share. The most popular are Delicious and StumbleUpon.
Social News - Services that allow people to post various news items or links to outside articles and then allows it’s users to”vote” on the items. The voting is the core social aspect as the items that get the most votes are displayed the most prominently. The community decides which news items get seen by more people. The most popular are Digg and Reddit.
Media Sharing - Services that allow you to upload and share various media such as pictures and video. Most services have additional social features such as profiles, commenting, etc. The most popular are YouTube and Flickr.
Microblogging - Services that focus on short updates that are pushed out to anyone subscribed to receive the updates. The most popular is Twitter.
Blog Comments and Forums - Online forums allow members to hold conversations by posting messages. Blog comments are similar except they are attached to blogs and usually the discussion centers around the topic of the blog post. There are MANY popular blogs and forums.
Keep in mind that, while these are the 6 different types of social media, there can be overlap among the various services. For instance, Facebook has microblogging features with their “status update”. Also, Flicker and YouTube have comment systems similar to that of blogs.
Social media is the collective of online communications channels dedicated to community-based input, interaction, content-sharing and collaboration. Websites and applications dedicated to forums, microblogging, social networking, social bookmarking, social curation, and wikis are among the different types of social media.
Here are some prominent examples of social media:
Facebook is a popular free social networking website that allows registered users to create profiles, upload photos and video, send messages and keep in touch with friends, family and colleagues. According to statistics from the Nielsen Group, Internet users within the United States spend more time on Facebook than any other website.
Twitter is a free microblogging service that allows registered members to broadcast short posts called tweets. Twitter members can broadcast tweets and follow other users' tweets by using multiple platforms and devices.
Wikipedia is a free, open content online encyclopedia created through the collaborative effort of a community of users known as Wikipedians. Anyone registered on the site can create an article for publication; registration is not required to edit articles. Wikipedia was founded in January of 2001.
LinkedIn is a social networking site designed specifically for the business community. The goal of the site is to allow registered members to establish and document networks of people they know and trust professionally.
Reddit is a social news website and forum where stories are socially curated and promoted by site members. The site is composed of hundreds of sub-communities, known as "subreddits." Each subreddit has a specific topic such as technology, politics or music. Reddit site members, also known as, "redditors," submit content which is then voted upon by other members. The goal is to send well-regarded stories to the top of the site's main thread page.
Pinterest is a social curation website for sharing and categorizing images found online. Pinterest requires brief descriptions but the main focus of the site is visual. Clicking on an image will take you to the original source, so, for example, if you click on a picture of a pair of shoes, you might be taken to a site where you can purchase them. An image of blueberry pancakes might take you to the recipe; a picture of a whimsical birdhouse might take you to the instructions.
Social media is becoming an integral part of life online as social websites and applications proliferate. Most traditional online media include social components, such as comment fields for users. The term "social media" is likely to lose meaning as the social aspect of the Web becomes increasingly taken for granted.
Functions of the Media :
The media has immense power within the American democracy because just about all Americans get their news from the media rather than from other people or other sources. Media coverage shapes how Americans perceive the world and what they consider to be important. Voters and politicians alike must pay attention to the media. In the American political system, the media perform a number of functions important to the democratic process. The media reports the news, serves as an intermediary between the government and the people, helps determine which issues should be discussed, and keeps people actively involved in society and politics.
Reporting the News:
Perhaps the most important role of the media in politics is to report the news. As noted above, the vast majority of people must trust the media to provide them with information. Democracy requires that citizens be informed because they must be able to make educated voting choices.
Media Bias:
These days, politicians often complain of bias in the media, usually a liberal bias against the views of conservative politicians. They complain that the media’s ability to decide which stories to report often reflects its partisanship. Although this is true to some extent, most major newspapers and television news stations report the same stories more or less objectively. Bias is often restricted to the media outlet’s commentary and opinion pages.
Types of Reporting:
For much of American history (until the early twentieth century), most news media were clearly and openly biased. Many newspapers, for example, were simply the voices of the political parties. This type of journalism is called partisan journalism. Other newspapers practiced yellow journalism, reporting shocking and sordid stories in order to attract readers and sell more papers. Objective reporting (also called descriptive reporting) did not appear until the early twentieth century. Newspaper publishers such as Adolph Ochs of the New York Times championed objective journalism and praised reporters for simply reporting the facts. Although most journalists today still practice objective journalism, more and more are beginning to analyze and interpret the material they present, a practice called interpretive reporting.
Yellow Journalism :
The media has influenced politics throughout American history. The most prominent—and notorious—example is the role of William Randolph Hearst’s newspapers in starting the Spanish-American War in 1898. According to the legend, Hearst’s papers ran many stories chronicling the cruelty of Spanish colonial rule. When the American battleship Maine exploded under mysterious circumstances, Hearst seized the moment, alleging that the Spanish had destroyed the ship. War soon followed. Few media moguls have this much direct influence, but with media consolidation, some worry that the media has too much power.
Being the Common Carrier:
The media plays a common-carrier role by providing a line of communication between the government and the people. This communication goes both ways: The people learn about what the government is doing, and the government learns from the media what the public is thinking.
Setting the Agenda:
Journalists cannot report on an infinite number of stories, so they must choose which are the most newsworthy. By choosing which stories to present to the public, the news media helps determine the most important issues; in other words, the journalists set the agenda. Agenda-setting is crucial because it shapes which issues will be debated in public. Sometimes political scientists refer to agenda-setting as signaling because the media signals which stories are the most important when they decide what to report.
Pack Journalism :
Critics allege that journalists often copy one another without doing their own investigating. When one newspaper runs a story, for example, many others will run similar stories soon afterward. Critics refer to this tendency as pack journalism.
Acting as the Public Representative:
The media sometimes acts as a public representative by holding government officials accountable on behalf of the people. Many people argue that the media is ill equipped to play this role because the media does not face the same type of accountability that politicians face. Serving as the representative of the public, moreover, could undermine the media’s objectivity because the act of representing the people might require reporters to take a position on an issue.
Example: The classic example of watchdog journalism, or activist reporting that attempts to hold government officials and institutions accountable for their actions, is the Watergate investigations of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. The Washington Post reporters doggedly pursued allegations of campaign misdeeds and presidential crimes despite the fact that many Americans did not care. Journalists have exposed many other government scandals and misdeeds, including the Iran-Contra affair and the Lewinsky scandal.
Attack Journalism :
Since the Watergate scandal brought down a president, investigative journalism has become more prestigious, and many reporters try to make a career around uncovering scandals. Some people complain, though, that all reporters want to be the new Woodward or Bernstein, interested only in breaking the next big story. These critics say that investigative journalism has become attack journalism:Journalists only care about bringing down a prominent person, not about the truth or the common good. Critics of attack journalism believe that President Bill Clinton’s impeachment in 1998 was the result of attack journalism and partisan politics. The rise of attack journalism has brought to light questions about the proper role of journalism.
Socializing People:
In the United States, the media plays a big role in socializing people to American society, culture, and politics. Much of what young people and immigrants learn about American culture and politics comes from magazines, radio shows, and television. Many people worry that young people are exposed to too much violence and sex in the media, knowing the effect it will have on children’s views and development.
Providing a Political Forum:
The media also provides a public forum for debates between political leaders. During campaigns, opposing candidates often broadcast advertisements and debate with each other on television. Many voters learn a great deal about the candidates and the issues by watching these ads and debates. Even during years without elections, though, the news media allows elected official to explain their actions via news stories and interviews.
Media is an umbrella term for the different kinds of mediums that enrich us with knowledge, and vital information. It is the circuit that runs through society, in the form of visual, print and audio mediums, namely - television, newspaper (magazines, tabloids and newsletters), radio and the Internet. These mediums play different roles when it comes to communicating to the audiences at large, as well as altering their perceptions.
Advertising agencies take advantage of an audience's nature, and therefore give out repetitive messages of a brand or place that can - make their lives better and improve lifestyles; showcase technology that is eye-catching; food products that are healthy; medicines that are effective; cost saving plans with insurance suggestions; bank loans and mutual fund investments; attractive holiday packages and apartments and so on. We witness everyday how these different types of mass media change and aid us in our day-to-day dilemmas, making things more accessible and extremely convenient. It's an arm stretch or a mouse click away, making us rely on these mediums as we live out our lives.
Media History Timeline
(compiled by Prof. Jim McPherson, Whitworth College, 2002)
4000 B.C. – Sumerian stamp seals
3100 B.C. – Sumerian “writing” system on clay tablets
2000 B.C. – Phoenician alphabet
1900-1800 B.C. – Semitic alphabet in Egypt
600 B.C. – Egyptian papyrus scrolls
540 B.C. – Public library in Athens
105 A.D. – Chinese paper (didn’t arrive in West for centuries)
1450 – Gutenberg press (leads to Protestant Revolution, among other things)
1517 – Martin Luther nails “Ninety Five Theses” to church door in Wittenberg, Germany
1534 – first press in America (Spanish America)
1500s – Italian gazettes
1618 – Dutch Coranto (printed in English in 1620)
1638 – first press in what would become U.S. (Harvard College)
1644 – John Milton denounces licensing of the press in Areopagitica
1665 – Oxford Gazette (first English-language newspaper) in England
1690 – First American newspaper: Publick Occurrences (lasts one issue)
1704 – First successful American newspaper: The Boston News-Letter
1735 – John Peter Zenger trial
1741 – First American magazines
1783-1833 – Rise of Party Press
1791 – Bill of Rights (including First Amendment) ratified
1798 – Alien and Sedition Acts passed
1821 – Saturday Evening Post founded
1827 – First African-American newspaper in U.S.: Freedom’s Journal
1828 – First Native American newspaper in U.S.: Cherokee Phoenix
1828 – Noah Webster publishes first dictionary
1833s – New York Sun begins publication; rise of the Penny Press
1844 – Samuel Morse granted patent for telegraph. First message, May 24: “What hath God wrought?” Second message: “Have you any news?”
1848 – Associated Press founded
1860-1865 – Civil War brings home “necessity” of news
1877 – Thomas Edison invents the “talking machine”
1888 – Edison lab develops movie camera
1888 – George Eastman introduces the Kodak camera
1888 – Heinrich Hertz transmits wireless sound waves
1890 – Linotype machine introduced at newspapers
1891 –Edison patents Kinetoscope – first parlor opens 1894 in New York
1890s – first “New Journalism” period; “Yellow Journalism”
1890s – Edison develops mass market phonograph
1894 – Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World starts daily women’s page
1899 – “Stunt girl” Nellie Bly circles the world
1901 – Guglielmo Marconi sends and receives radio message across the Atlantic (Morse code, point to point)
1900s – Muckraking magazines
1905 – First “nickelodeon”
1906 – Reginald Fessenden broadcasts voice
1911 – Newsreels begin; continue into 1960s
1912 – Titanic sinks; leads to Federal Radio Act of 1912
1914-1918 – World War I propaganda, censorship, technology
1915 – D.W. Griffith releases Birth of a Nation, first full-length film to significantly impact culture
1917 – Charlie Chaplin becomes the first entertainer to earn $1 million
1919 – RCA founded
1920 – First radio stations in U.S. and Canada
1920s – “Jazz Journalism” tabloids
1922 – Reader’s Digest magazine founded
1923 – Lee de Forest shows first “talkie”
1923 – Time magazine debuts
1923 – A.C. Nielsen company begins
1923 – AT&T links two radio stations for first “network”
1927 – Federal Radio Act sets up commission to regulate airwaves
1927 – Philo Farnsworth applies for electronic TV patents
1927 – The Jazz Singer released
1928 – Academy Awards given for the first time (Wings wins Best Picture)
1930s & 40s – “Golden Age of Movies”
1933 – Eleanor Roosevelt insists on women-only press conferences (“the Roosevelt Rule”)
1934 – Federal Communications Commission (FCC) established
1936 – England is first country with regular TV broadcasts
1936 – Life magazine debuts
1938 – Orson Welles’ “War of the Worlds” broadcast
1939 – TV is a hit at the World’s Fair
1939 – First FM radio station started in New Jersey
1941 – First TV commercial advertises a Bulova clock
1941 – Welles’s Citizen Kane released; sometimes called the best movie of all time
1942 – John H. Johnson starts Negro Digest; would later found Ebony and Jet
1947 – Red Scare leads to congressional investigation of Hollywood
1948 – Supreme Court hands down Paramount Decision
1950 – Red Channels: The Communist Influence in Radio and Television ruins careers
1950s – “Golden Age of Television”
1951 – “I Love Lucy” debuts; uses film and three cameras
1952 – FCC lifts “the Freeze” imposed in 1948
1952 – Eisenhower runs 20-second campaign spot
1953 – TV Guide magazine debuts; Lucille Ball and her newborn son on first cover
1953 – Playboy magazine introduced; Marilyn Monroe is first centerfold
1954 – Edward R. Murrow’s “See It Now” focuses on Joseph McCarthy
1954 – Elvis Presley discovered by Sam Phillips of Sun Records
1958 – videotape introduced
1959 – Quiz show scandal rocks television industry
1960 – Kennedy-Nixon debate
1963 – Network news expands from 15 minutes to 30 minutes
1963 – Betty Friedan writes The Feminine Mystique
1964 – New York Times v. Sullivan gives press new right to criticize public officials
1964 – The Beatles first tour America
1965-1970s – Second “New Journalism” period; literary journalism; underground newspapers
1967 – Congress passes Public Broadcasting Act; PBS formed
Late 1960s – Internet formed for exchange of ideas, not available to general public
1969 – Neal Armstrong walks on moon; we see it on TV
1969 – ABC introduces made-for-TV movies
1970 – Feminists stage sit-in at Ladies Home Journal
1972 – Ms. magazine launched
1972 – Life magazine died; came back as monthly from 1978 to 2000
1972 – Boylan v. New York Times sex discrimination lawsuit filed
1972 – Cigarette advertising banned from TV
1974 – Richard Nixon resigns, a result of Watergate coverage
1974 – People magazine introduced
1975 – Home Box Office (formed by Time, Inc. in 1972) begins satellite distribution of TV; Ted Turner starts first “superstation”
1975 – Sony Betamax home videocassette recorder introduced
1976 – Matsushita introduces VHS
1978 – laser disc player introduced; largely a failure, but opened door for CDs
1979 – Sony Walkman appears in Japan
1979 – Iranian hostage crisis leads to “Nightline” and loss by Jimmy Carter to a former radio broadcaster and movie actor
1980 – “Who Shot J.R.?” on “Dallas” is first TV season-ending cliff-hanger
1981 – MTV (Music Television) first airs; first video is “Video Killed the Radio Star”
1982 – USA Today begins publication
1982 – Home shopping network debuts
1983 – Sony introduces CD player
1990s – Internet access opened to general public; changes everything
1996 – Telecommunications Act of 1996 brings V-chip, deregulation, and dramatic increase in mergers and takeovers Positive affects of media:
2. Mass media has given each of us a platform to voice our opinions on all sorts of social and political issues and share information with one another. It has brought out easy ways of communication and provided us with easily accessible means to reach out to people in various parts of the world.Thanks to technological development, we have been able to obtain a platform that enables us to present ourselves to the rest of the world. The negative influences of media that are a result of an overexposure to it, are most often talked about. It is true to a certain extent that media has affected the society in a negative manner. But, undoubtedly, media has proved being a bliss.
3. The media like television, radio and the Internet increase an overall awareness of the masses. They enhance the general knowledge by providing us with information from all over the world. News broadcast through different media helps us know about the day-to-day events in the world.News, tele-films and documentaries revolving around social issues increase a social awareness in children and develop their concern towards society.
4. Newspapers, apart from updating us with the latest news and new information, also contribute to the enhancement of our vocabulary. Newspapers are the best beginners in developing reading habits in children. Through the print media, they provide the general public with a platform to give updates about their parts of the city,exchange their views over different issues that the society faces and share their thoughts on a larger scale.
5. Media serve as the best means for a speedy spread of news about important incidents or events taking place. What has happened in the remotest corner of the world can reach us within minutes, thanks to media.The speed that technology has achieved is helpful in times of crisis when media is to be used for reporting news needing immediate attention.
6. Media has brought about a major transformation in the way people think. Media has given them an excellent platform to present themselvesbefore the world and contribute in their own way to the changing world scenario. Media has been responsible for making the world a smaller place to live.
7. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/positive-effects-of-the-media.html
Introduction
You want to imitate an action sequence just because your favorite action hero looked 'cool' doing it. You want to wear the LBD just because you are a fan of Coco Chanel. You want to wear the shade of nail polish Lady Gaga wears for that frantic gaga look. You want to sport your favorite actors' hairstyles and you want to walk like those ramp models do. You want to do everything that people from the glamor world do, you want to be like your favorite celebrity. Just like them, even you want to be in the news. Any publicity is good publicity, you begin to feel. Your role models are people that the media exposes you to. You want to be someone, but not yourself! And now you say media does not influence you! Oh come on, it surely does! Mass media does affect the way in which masses think and act. It influences their behavior both positively and negatively. The positive effects are surely celebrated by one and all. But the negative effects are not conducive to a healthy society. Here, we will try to understand how media influences us neg
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-influences-of-media.html
Media's Negative Influence
Blind Imitation: When you try to imitate your role models from the glamor industry, do you give a thought to whether you are doing right or wrong? It is often seen that young girls and boys imitate celebrities blindly. The impact of media is such that the wrong, the controversial, and the bad is more talked about. Sometimes, little things are blown out of proportion thus changing the way they are perceived by the audience. Media highlights controversies and scandals in the lives of celebrities. The masses fall for this being-in-the-news and end up imitating celebrities without much thought. Those at a vulnerable age, especially children and teenagers, are highly influenced by anything that is put before them in a jazzy way. At that age, they are attracted to anything that's flashy and anything that can make news.
Wrong Message: The negatives in society are highlighted with the purpose of awakening people about them. For example, the negative effects of addiction are portrayed through advertisements. Newspapers, television and the Internet are used to convey social messages. But unfortunately sometimes, the message is misconstrued. The 'awakening' does not reach everyone or it reaches the masses in the wrong way. So there is a section positively influenced by the media while there are others who take the wrong message from it. Media influences them negatively. What is shown with an intent to 'spread a message' ends up becoming a bombardment of the bad, the ugly. The bad is overinflated and the good goes unnoticed. Depiction of the bad has a negative impact on kids not mature enough to interpret what they are being shown. It's not just media to be blamed in this case. Parents and teachers have a big role to play in selecting what the young should see and what they should not.
Negativity: To some extent, media is responsible for generating negative feelings among those exposed to it. An early exposure to bold or violent films, books publishing adult content and news portraying ugly social practices has a deep impact on young minds. If children are bombarded with fight sequences, stunt work, sex and rape scenes, suicides and murders through books or movies, they are bound to leave a scar on these impressionable minds. And not just children, the unpleasant can impact even an adult's mind. Adults may have the maturity to distinguish between the good and the bad, but bombarding only the bad can affect anyone at least at the subconscious level. Haven't you had experiences of a bad dream after watching a violent movie? Or of imagining something scary happening to you after watching a horror film? Or a sudden fear gripping your mind after reading about a murder in your city? The reality should be depicted but not so gaudily that it'll have a lasting impact on people's minds.
Unhealthy Lifestyle: Media is held responsible for the change in eating habits of teenagers and the unhealthy lifestyle they are adopting. You ask me why? Well, because there are these junk food advertisements everywhere. There's no one advertising the benefits of eating fresh fruit everyday, no one's promoting drinking 8 glasses of water daily. The benefits of following a balanced diet are not being hyped anywhere. Media is exposing the masses to fast food products, canned food, fad diets, and energy drinks. This is leading teenagers to adopt unhealthy eating habits. No one's propagating the importance of exercising to keep fit. But there are advertisements of expensive exercise equipment, and weight and fat loss programs. Watching TV or browsing the web late night is spoiling the sleeping habits of many.
Information Overload: The media in itself is so addictive that once glued to it, you tend to forget everything else. When you are not watching TV, you are surfing the Internet, when you are not on the web, you are reading newspapers, when you are not reading anything, you are listening to something. Thus, all the time, you are glued to some form of media. It is bombarding you with content, news, information, gossip, rumors - it is exposing you to everything it has, some things necessary, some not; some things important, some not, some things you want to ignore, some things you cannot. Media is everywhere, affecting every aspect of life.
Media Addiction: The negative effects of media on children are manifested in terms of their changing mental setup and the declining quality of their lifestyle. Children should invest more time reading good books, studying, playing outdoors and exercising. Due to the oh-so-alluring media, most of their time is spent glued to the television, reading celebrity gossip, listening to something sensational or wandering aimlessly on the Internet. With a 'world' of information and entertainment waiting on the other side of a computer or TV screen, it's not unnatural for anyone to spend hours exploring it; it's addictive. This affects kids and teenagers the most, as they are exposed to things they might interpret wrongly or may not even understand at that age.
Self-hatred: Women with petite bodies and girls with a barbie figure are always shown to be more popular or attractive while the overweight are portrayed as less popular, having less friends and being bullied. This leads to a notion that thin is sexy and fat is not. When this thought grips the minds of youngsters, they take to fad diets or turn to cosmetic surgeries to get that so-called perfect body. The craze for models or actors and actresses, makes teenagers want bodies and facial features like theirs. To get rid of a big nose or to get those big pouty lips, teenagers are ready to go under the knife.
Health Problems: Media has negative effects on the physical and psychological well-being of society. People spending hours in front of a television or surfing the Internet experience eye problems. Lack of physical activity leads to obesity problems. Media influences public opinion and impacts the choices that people make. The media does play a role in portraying thin as beautiful and fat as ugly. It has led to a general opinion that size-zero is the in thing and fat and chubby are out. This makes the overweight feel out of place. They are ready to starve themselves to lose weight. This can, and has led to increasing cases of anorexia. An inferiority complex and lowered confidence in people with not-so-perfect bodies can lead to eating disorders. In a survey done on fifth graders by the National Institute on Media and the Family, it was found that kids had become dissatisfied with their bodies after watching a video of a certain very popular artiste and a certain scene from a popular TV show (names omitted on purpose).
Changed Outlook: The media has, in its own way, changed people's outlook towards life. Media is the interface through which millions look at the world outside. Media claims to depict the 'today', but not all types of media show only the truth. With the intent of stressing their point or for grabbing greater attention from the masses, media hypes or exaggerates things to a certain degree. Not everyone is able to filter that element. Most believe everything to be real, especially kids and teenagers.
Fact-Fantasy Confusion: Vampires, werewolves, witches, ghosts - where did they come from? Fairies, superheroes, angels - where did they come from? It's not only media to be blamed, as these characters belong to folklore. But media did play a role in propagating these characters and making them seem real. Aren't there ghost and vampire stories that media claims as real? These characters enter our world through books and movies. There is no denying their amusement value or entertainment quotient. But isn't it too much to blindly believe that they exist? Fiction is amusing only till the distinction between fact and fiction is clear. The reel entertains only till its difference from the real is understood. When the two worlds mix, life becomes difficult.
Right-or-Wrong Dilemma: The media is so overwhelming that the masses end up believing everything it says/shows. Media sources are so many in number and all of them so convincingly make their point, that it is hard to distinguish between right and wrong. The media is constantly bombarding us with information. How far do we go to check its authenticity? How deep do we dig to get to the root of something that's making news? How critically do we judge the reality of reality shows and the truth behind true stories? We don't think, we believe. We don't judge, we get influenced. And that's how impactive media is.
While a certain amount of exposure to media is essential for introducing ourselves to the world outside, excessive exposure, uncontrolled access and belief without thought won't lead us anywhere. They will only make the negative influence of media more obvious.
The Solution
The solution to avoiding the negative influence of media lies in limiting media exposure and choosing what to watch. News sources often bombard you with the same negative stories over and over again, in order to increase the impact. Sometimes, small incidents or events in the lives of celebrities and politicians are hyped, in order to make them more sensational. Refrain from watching such programs or news. Instead, watch good programs that carry healthy content, engage in positive activities, and encourage others to do the same. As a responsible adult (parent or teacher), exercise control on the media exposure that kids and teenagers get.
Media portrayals give rise to stereotypes, affecting your mindset. Advertisements carry subliminal messages influencing buyers' psychology, or carry direct messages that bear a negative influence. It's not possible to insulate yourself completely from the effects of media, even if you limit the exposure. And there are so many things you see around you, without choosing to watch them. The only way to shield yourself from them, is to not allow them to influence you. Don't take media portrayals by their word. Don't believe in them without thinking. Use your judgment before following or falling for anything. Put things in perspective, and don't let the media influence you to do the wrong things.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-influences-of-media.html
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