Due to the unfortunate history of diminishing populations of the local Native Americans during the Historical period of the San Diego region, there is very little ethnographic information about the coastal Kumeyaay. Due to the lesser amount of early extraneous invasion of the mountain and desert regions, the Kumeyaay people of these two regions were better able to preserve their cultural traditions and therefore much more ethnographic information is available to this day. Consequently, this report best represents the ethnohistory of the preserved mountain and desert Kumeyaay, with very little specific ethnography of the coastal communities.…
Amenhotep IV began his reign with a massive building project at Karnak, the centre of the cult of Amun. It is believed by archaeologist Jacobus Van Dijk, that these temples were “situated to the east of the Amun precinct and orientated to the east – that is, to the place of sunrise”. Surprisingly, these temples were not dedicated to Amun, but to a new form of the sun-god whose official name was ‘The living one, Ra-horus of the horizon who rejoices in the horizion in his identity of light which is in sun-disc’ which was most basically simplified to ‘the…
temple was built a litle small, but that was due to it’s location on a rocky…
With these newfound religious ideas came new beginnings. Again throwing away Egyptian traditions he decided to build a completely different capitol city and abandon Thebes. This idea began the construction of Amarna or horizon of the sun which was built in a desolate land about 200 miles north of Thebes. Akhenaten’s justification for doing so was to escape the influences of the high priests. In the capitol he built the temple of Aten, a very open space that was built to embrace and spread the rays of Aten. In this new settlement he again defies ancient traditions and marries a commoner, Nefertiti. Together they ruled almost equally. Within his regime to further embrace Aten he created the hymn of Aten which praises the sun as the creator of the natural world. This hymn had an overall general message which is life comes from the sun god and is distributed equally. Suddenly, Nefertiti vanished out of existence and historians today still don’t know what became of her. Along with this his mother died as well as one of his daughters sending him into a downward spiral of persecution. Akhenaten went so far as to blame all the gods besides Aten for his…
The office of the God’s Wife of Amun has changed significantly over the centuries. The evidence of the power which these offices held are best preserved from the Donation Stela and the Adoption Stela of Nitocris. It was during the New Kingdom when this office became significant with its economic and political power. This title was given and passed through the royal females such as the mothers or wives of the kings. It was during the life of Hatshepsut when this office was the most significant. After her death, the office never really reached back to its high as Thutmose III made sure the office will not be held by a royal woman during his reign. With new rulers, new worshipping of Gods occurred and Amenhotep IV even completely closed this office. It took many years until this office become significant again which happened in the Third Intermediate Period, even though this office was not the same as during the New Kingdom. The office of the God’s Wife of Amun was passed down through the daughters of the kings, and it was held by foreigners and this office also worshipped kinship which the 18th dynasty did not do.…
During the fifth year of his reign, Amenhotep IV decided to leave Thebes because of the corrupting power of the priests. He found a virgin land on the east side of the Nile surrounded by high cliffs. This land was religiously pristine and there he created the city of Akhetaten, which was also known as “Horizon of the Sun Disk”. The city was built very quickly and the royal family moved to Akhetaten, along with his fellow citizens. At the same time, Amenhotep…
Queen Tiye was the Chief Queen and matriarch of the Amarna family. The wife of Amenhotep III and mother to Akhenaten is assumed to be the beginning of the significant changing roles of Queens in New Kingdom Egypt. It is believed that soon after Amenhotep’s…
During her reign, Hatshepsut built and restored many grand structures, including her father’s temple. Its walls tell the whole story of Amun-Ra and Hatshepsut; inscripted with depictions and writings. However, the details are incomplete, because of damage and what would appear to be intentional vandalism. Someone was jealous of Hatshepsut’s…
My name is Kareem. I am the senior Scribe to my Pharaoh. I am one of the most important government officials in Egypt. I have a lot of control over the construction of the new temple. I am much higher on the social ladder than farmers, stonemasons, and other laborers. I supervise the building of the temple, and without me, a temple would never be properly built. Scribes not only keep records, but we also play an important supervisory role in society. My social status allows me to voice my opinions and be heard by the Pharaoh as I can talk directly to him when I record his deeds. It is an absolute privilege for me to be in the presence of the Pharaoh. Additionally, as an educated citizen, while most of the people below me are illiterate, I am not. Through my writings, I maintain the history of our country for future generations and a detailed record of the construction of the temple.…
So much so that every mention of Amun was physically removed from temple walls and any mention of him in literature was also erased. The administrative centre of Egypt moved from Thebes to Amarna, the city dedicated to Aten, with Akhenaten forcing people with government positions to relocate under threat of stripping them of their titles (Teeter, 2016). The move to Amarna may have been prompted due to Thebes having strong ties to Amun, further rejecting the god from Egyptian society as he wasn’t considered important enough anymore to have his city as the…
In Akhenaten: Dweller in Truth, Naguib Mahfouz writes about a young man named Meriamun, who seeks a true and accurate record of the events surrounding the exile and death of the “heretic pharaoh.” He accomplishes this by interviewing all of Akhenaten’s living contemporaries, friends, and political figures. The effect on the reader through this method is the reading of a story through fourteen different points of view. This type of narration almost makes the book a mystery novel, a who-done-it of truth. Shortly after reading the first couple of narratives I began to wonder how truthful the speakers were being, because Meriamun begins with the very people who isolated and fought against Akhenaten, yet they try their best to paint…
Along with the new religion, another foolish decision he made was creating a new capital city. There were no capital cities in ancient Egypt before this time. During Akhenaten’s rule he created a capital city of Akhenaten. Many people flocked there, seeing the wealth of possibilities that it could hold. The reason that this new city’s formation was an issue was due to the cities that were “once-thriving administrative centers . . . stood idle” (Redford 153). These previously thriving cities were Thebes and Memphis. These cities were known far and wide to be religious and governmental centers. With the shift in religion the major buildings in these cities were torn down. Since these cities used to be very religious they were home to many statues and temples worshiping the old gods. The inhabitants of Thebes and Memphis lived in rubble after the king brought his new religion and tore down any reference to the old religion. Not only did the religious areas in these cities get destroyed, but since ancient Egypt was a theocracy, governmental buildings were also taken down and left desolate. Redford reiterates this when he explains that “temples and governmental offices had been virtually shut down” (153). Not many people stayed in those cities except for the ones with strong ties to those cities. There were very few things that the people in those areas could do for work, besides farming, since the government was now run out of Akhenaten. Explains how “great cities of Memphis and Thebes were no longer thriving centers as they had been for some 1,700 years” (Rupert…
Akhenaten deserted Thebes, the capital of Egypt since the start of his reign, and moved further north creating a new capital called Akhetaten or “Horizon of Aten”. With the shift in location , the art became less excessive, while some may distinguish as naturalistic, it continued eminently stylized in its representation of the body. It was at this time that Nefertiti’s face ,as we know it today, had surfaced. The works from this time are probably some of the most acclaimed of Egyptian art. Akhenaten’s image was also reestablished. His features became delicate, curved, and fleshy than in prior…
During the building of Akhetaten, Amenhophis IV changed his name to Akhenaten due to his worship of Aten represented as the "Sun-Disk". It was with this new fervent belief that…
Hymns celebrated gods and afterlife, as well as the pharaoh. “The Hymn of Aten” praised Aten, who created life, as well as the pharaoh Akhenaten, showing how pharaohs ruled for the god. Additionally, unlike the other cultures, the Egyptian art depicted the pharaoh’s power as sole ruler and god. The Colossal Statue of Akhenaten from 18th dynasty shows Akhenaten as the Son of God and god, unlike the Yahweh. Lastly, architecture immortalized the pharaohs, not deities. The pyramids of Gizeh were propaganda, but were also burial sites containing boats and jewels that carried the Ka (soul) to the afterlife, as seen in The Book of the Dead. Throughout the empire, Egyptians used kings and deities as a tool of propaganda that solidified their rule.…