Menopause
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Espana Blvd. Sampaloc, Manila
The Intensity of Menopausal Symptoms and the Level of Depression among Imprisoned Women
3NUR3 – RLE 2A
Cloa, Joanna Mari T.
Cocos, Sabino Joshua IV B.
Concepcion, Gian Lois L.
Coronia, Andrea Louise D.G.
Corpuz, Marina Angeleenn V.
Corpuz, Melissa Lalaine O.
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1.1 INTRODUCTION
Most women have experienced intermittent psychological manifestations brought about by a physiological condition caused by the onset of menstruation. Women have been dealing with the physiologic and psychologic effects of menstruation ever since their menarch. However, women would not have to deal with menstruation forever since there will become an inevitable stage which every female must face; a process of gradual decline of ovarian function and estrogen level termed as menopause (Ying Li, Qi Yu et al, 2008). According to The North American Menopause Society (2001), menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation due to the loss of ovarian follicular activity. This is confirmed by a record of 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea with no known pathological or other physiological cause. Menopause has three distinct phases: the perimenopause (the period of time prior to menopause during which a woman moves from normal ovulatory cycles to cessation of menses), menopause (the time when menses cease) and post menopause (the period of time after a woman has experienced 12 consecutive months without menstruation) (Ladewig, London, and Johnson, 2006). Menopause usually occurs between 45 and 52 years of age, however, the current median age of menopause is 51.3 years (Ladewig, London, and Johnson, 2006). In developed countries the age of menopause is commonly 51 years old (Ozmedir et al, 2004) or 51.1 years old (Boulet MJ, Oddens BJ, and Lehert P, 1994). In India and the Philippines, the median age of natural menopause is considerably earlier, at 44
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Espana Blvd. Sampaloc, Manila
The Intensity of Menopausal Symptoms and the Level of Depression among Imprisoned Women
3NUR3 – RLE 2A
Cloa, Joanna Mari T.
Cocos, Sabino Joshua IV B.
Concepcion, Gian Lois L.
Coronia, Andrea Louise D.G.
Corpuz, Marina Angeleenn V.
Corpuz, Melissa Lalaine O.
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1.1 INTRODUCTION
Most women have experienced intermittent psychological manifestations brought about by a physiological condition caused by the onset of menstruation. Women have been dealing with the physiologic and psychologic effects of menstruation ever since their menarch. However, women would not have to deal with menstruation forever since there will become an inevitable stage which every female must face; a process of gradual decline of ovarian function and estrogen level termed as menopause (Ying Li, Qi Yu et al, 2008). According to The North American Menopause Society (2001), menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation due to the loss of ovarian follicular activity. This is confirmed by a record of 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea with no known pathological or other physiological cause. Menopause has three distinct phases: the perimenopause (the period of time prior to menopause during which a woman moves from normal ovulatory cycles to cessation of menses), menopause (the time when menses cease) and post menopause (the period of time after a woman has experienced 12 consecutive months without menstruation) (Ladewig, London, and Johnson, 2006). Menopause usually occurs between 45 and 52 years of age, however, the current median age of menopause is 51.3 years (Ladewig, London, and Johnson, 2006). In developed countries the age of menopause is commonly 51 years old (Ozmedir et al, 2004) or 51.1 years old (Boulet MJ, Oddens BJ, and Lehert P, 1994). In India and the Philippines, the median age of natural menopause is considerably earlier, at 44