Robert the Monk’s history of the First Crusade, Historia Iherosolimitana (HI), was composed several years after the events it records. There is also no evidence making him an eyewitness for the anything he transcribes except for the Council of Clermont. Robert is generally accepted as a valuable source for the First Crusade as his story is based on the Gesta Francorum and he was commissioned by his abbot to offer a new more exciting account of the crusades.1 Robert’s account includes a number of themes as he describes different people the Crusaders encounter. In the history of the First Crusade, Robert the Monk uses his description of the Muslims to further display Crusaders as heroes.…
Christianity has played a crucial role in world history since the death of Christ. From its humble beginnings along the Sea of Galilee until its solidified spread amongst Western European nations, the religion has had its fair share of conflict. Most notable would be the Crusades. An in depth look at the motivation, conflicts, and outcomes of the Crusades can be perfectly associated with the History of Jerusalem, Siege of Constantinople, and letters from Pope Innocent III. The Crusaders began as a religious mission, originally for the reinstatement of Christian presence in the Holy Land. However, as time waged on and soldiers returned glorified and rich, the intentions of future Crusaders desired wealth, not just the preservation of Roman Catholicism in the Levant. These accounts share the Western perspective directly involved with the Crusades and their missions, illustrating the struggles, as well as the successes of Christianity at that time.…
In a divided Western Europe, one thing was able hold together starkly unalike kingdoms for a multi-century conflict: Christianity. Unlike the Mongols –where no one religion was important to society -- faith was an essential part of Europe. It was unacceptable…
The Wars of Religion in the 17th and 18th centuries were some of the bloodiest conflicts of all of European history before the World Wars. They spanned the entire continent, involved nearly every member of society, and resulted in the deaths of millions. Reactions to these wars varied– some were in favour, some were opposed. However, despite the fact that people’s reactions deviated wildly, the evidence shows that many rulers had a similar attitude towards the Wars of Religion, and manipulated them for the benefit of themselves or their country.…
They completely contradict the manifestos of both sides. Whereas; the Muslims depict the Crusaders as vicious animals ripping out the throats of Muslims and the Crusaders depict the Muslims as heretics and animals. Yet, these excerpts show both sides as moralistic and humane.…
The Crusades left a ‘legacy’ from the on appalling religious hatred they showed and had opposing religions and in very few cases even fellow Christians. They were not a peaceful group of people that would let things slide easily. Document seven states, “...the crusading knights often abused and committed…
The European Wars of Religion, although in some aspects differed, had many similarities. They all displayed similarities in conclusion and compromise, the spread of Protestantism, initial reaction followed by change, and residual issues. In conclusion the similarities shared between these great wars proved the importance of religious…
Before the crusaders state fell down, Muslims and Christians used to live side by side. Some managed to maintain a friendly relationship, but for the most part, many of them struggled to get along. Their embedded hostility towards one another was too deep and the tension was only further amplified by the Crusading movement in Western Europe and the anti-Muslim propaganda. The reason why there was a growing antipathy between the two groups was because Muslims and Christians only share the same religious values. However, beyond that point, they share no other similarities, thus making it difficult to coexist peacefully.…
Perhaps no event in the course of the middle ages is as iconic yet misunderstood as the Crusades. The image of cross-bearing knights doing battle with exotic Islamic soldiers is one that most westerners are quite familiar with. It is because of this prominence in the imaginations of modernity that the language and sentiment of the Crusades are still evoked. With the advent of the war on terror, the Crusades have become increasingly appropriated to cast imperialism as a present-day holy war. George Bush even used the term “Crusade” in reference to the September eleventh terrorist attacks, making this parallelism all the more relevant to contemporary discourse. Despite the proclivity to draw similarities between the twelfth century and today, the Crusades can only be adequately explained by examining the events in their own time. In doing such, it will become clear that the forces that engendered the Crusades was not the desire for material wealth, but rather a religious devotion long extinct in the west.…
In the first Crusade, Muslim armies were taking over parts of the Byzantine Empire and now the Seljuk Turks had posed as a serious threat to the ancient capital of Constantinople. Emperor Alexius had sent a message to Pope Urban the second for assistance in protecting pilgrims and the future of his empire. Both these incidents illustrate how political gain had played a part in the beginning of the Crusades. Despite the Crusades have been started by the prospect of political gain and economic benefits, it was not as significant as the religious devotion displayed by individuals. On the other hand, men went on Crusades to relieve their state of poverty. The quote of “There were others who were oppressed by debts to other men or who sought to escape the service of their lords” highlights the economic benefit of going on the Crusade as Crusaders would be able to be relieved from the burden of having to repay back their debts. However this was supported by a hostile view of the Second Crusade, which meant that sections were exaggerated. Despite the Crusades have been started by the prospect of political gain and economic benefits, it was not as significant as the religious devotion displayed by…
In Edward Said’s essay “Clashing Civilizations?”, he analyses in detail the arguments of Samuel Huntington in his paper on “Clash of Civilizations”. Edward Said incisively analyzes Huntington’s notion that differences in culture between the ‘West’ and ‘Islam’ will lead to conflicts between the two civilizations. Arguing against large understanding of cultures, Said makes a powerful case for multiculturalism. As he argues in this essay, “A unilateral decision made to undertake crusades, to oppose their evil with our good, to extirpate terrorism and, in Paul Wolfowitz’s nihilistic vocabulary, to end nations entirely, doesn’t make the supposed entities any easier to see; rather, it speaks to how much simpler it is to make bellicose statements for the purpose of mobilizing collective passions than to reflect, examine, sort out what it is we are dealing with in reality, the interconnectedness of innumerable lives, ‘ours’ as well as ‘theirs’.”…
History.com Staff. “The Mayflower.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2010, http://www.history.com/topics/mayflower. “Plimoth Plantation.” Mayflower and Mayflower Compact, https://www.plimoth.org/learn/just-kids/homework-help/mayflower-and-mayflower-compact. “Discovering Our Past: A History of the United States.” Discovering Our Past: A History of the United States, McGraw-Hill Productions, Columbus, Ohio, 2014, pp. 62–63.…
CHAPTER 15 The Latin West, 1200–1500 The period from 1200 to 1500 is better known as Europe’s [A] later Middle Ages. [B] Last Age. [C] Golden Age. [D] Renaissance. [E] Age of Reason. Western Europeans of the later Middle Ages referred to themselves as [A] Europeans. [B] Westerners. [C] “Old Worlders.” [D] Franks. [E] Latins. In the Latin West during the later Middle Ages approximately [A] nine out of ten people were rural. [B] five out of ten people were rural. [C] three out of ten people were rural. [D] one out of ten people was rural. [E] one out of twenty people was rural. In return for the use of their lord’s land, serfs [A] were required to send their children to the religious schools. [B] served half the year as knights. [C] paid money for rent. [D] worked as bureaucrats for the monarch. [E] had to give the lord a share of the harvest and perform services. In Europe’s later Middle Ages women were considered to be [A] superior to men. [B] equal to men. [C] suited only to be servants. [D] essential contributors to spiritual practice. [_E] inferior to men._ The three-field system was [A] the traditional three-part contest performed by knights. [B] an agricultural method. [C] the technology used in Medieval optics. [D] the legal system. [E] the political relationship between king, lord, and serf. The average life expectancy for a European of this period was [A] twenty to twenty-five years. [B] twenty-five to thirty years. [C] thirty to thirty-five years. [D] thirty-five to forty years. [E] over forty years. By the time it subsided, the Black Death killed [A] one out of three Western Europeans. [B] one out of five Western Europeans. [C] one out of ten Western Europeans. [D] one out of twenty Western Europeans. [E] a negligible number of Western Europeans Which of the following was not a social result of the Black Death epidemic? [A] a demand by…
In the Middle Ages, Juruselam found itself under Muslim rule, which made it difficult for Christian pilgrims who wanted to visit due to it being the site of Jesus’ preaching, crucifixion, and subsequent rise from the dead. At the Council of Clermont in 1095 the leader of the Roman Catholic Church at the time - Pope Urban II - gave a call to arms that resulted in the calling of the first crusade with the objective of reclaiming the Holy Land and winning back Jerusalem for the Christians. Religious motivation was a primary reason thousands took the cross, but there were many other factors as well such as: to acquire land, to gain riches, for a sense of adventure, as well as overpopulation and famine. This essay will argue that religious motivation…
In the Middle Ages, Juruselam found itself under Muslim rule, which made it difficult for Christian pilgrims who wanted to visit due to it being the site of Jesus’ preaching, crucifixion, and subsequent rise from the dead. At the Council of Clermont in 1095 the leader of the Roman Catholic Church at the time - Pope Urban II - gave a call to arms that resulted in the calling of the first crusade with the objective of reclaiming the Holy Land and winning back Jerusalem for the Christians. Religious motivation was a primary reason thousands took the cross, but there were many other factors as well such as: to acquire land, to gain riches, for a sense of adventure, as well as overpopulation and famine. This essay will argue that religious motivation…