Metaphors in Newspapers

1

2

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF DA NANG ***

DANANG - 2011 This thesis has been completed at The University of Danang

Supervisor: NGŨ THI N HÙNG, Ph.D

H

VI N

M LINH
Examiner 1: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Luu Quy Khuong Examiner 2: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tran Van Phuoc

A STUDY OF METAPHOR IN NEWSPAPERS (ENGLISH VERSUS VIETNAMESE)

This thesis will be orally defended to the Examining Committee at the Field Study: The English Language Code: 60.22.15 University of Danang Time: November 3rd, 2011 Venue: University of Danang

MASTER THESIS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (RESEARCH SUMMARY)

This thesis is available for the purpose of reference at: - Information Resources Center, the University of Danang - The library of College of Foreign Languages, the University of Danang

3

4

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. RATIONALE Although newspapers have the longest history, they are still the most popular and convenient means of communication. Newspapers have been improved and developed in both quality and quantity to satisfy the requirements of the readers now. Journalists often take the skills of language use into account. Metaphor is one of the most popular devices causing difficulties. Using Metaphor in newspapers satisfies with readers’ curiosity and excitement but sometimes causes many difficulties for us to understand. Study of metaphor has been traditionally associated with the study of literature; the use of metaphor is not restricted to this kind of language. Metaphor exists as a common fact in most of languages in the world. For this reason, I hope the study “A Study of Metaphor in Newspapers (English versus Vietnamese)” will be a contribution to linguistic knowledge about the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese metaphor, which helps writers, readers, teachers, students, translators use and understand language more effectively. 1.2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.2.1. Aims The study aims to examine metaphorical expressions in English and Vietnamese newspapers in terms of syntactic and semantic features in

order to find out the differences and similarities between two languages in using Metaphor in newspapers. 1.2.2. Objectives of the study This paper is designed to fulfill the following objectives: - To explore the syntactic and semantic features of metaphorical expressions in English and Vietnamese newspapers. - To compare and contrast the syntactic and semantic features to clarify the similarities and differences of metaphorical expressions in English and Vietnamese newspapers. - To suggest some implications for the English teaching - learning and translating in English and Vietnamese. 1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS In order to achieve the aims and objectives of the study, the research attempts to seek the information for the following questions. 1. What are the syntactic features of metaphorical expressions in English and Vietnamese newspapers? 2. What are the semantic features of metaphorical expressions in English and Vietnamese newspapers? 3. What are the similarities and the differences between metaphor in English and Vietnamese newspapers in terms of the syntactic and semantic aspect? 1.4. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

5

6

This study aims to observe and describe some commonly used means for expressing metaphors in newspapers in English and Vietnamese. The metaphorical expressions are analyzed in terms of syntactic and semantic aspects. In addition, the study discusses the findings of the similarities and differences, the frequencies of occurrence of metaphors in newspaper language in English and Vietnamese. The investigation explored the metaphorical expressions used in a wide range of topics of everyday life and thus the data collection and data analysis dealt with cases of metaphor in various genres such as short stories, editorials, and news reports in newspapers. 1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Understanding metaphor used in the newspapers correctly plays a very important role in comprehending the text and discourse. This study is expected to be a useful contribution to using metaphor in teaching, learning, translating, writing and reading of English and Vietnamese newspapers. The findings of study on similarities and differences between metaphor in English and Vietnamese newspapers will help the Vietnamese learners have precious experience of how to write and translate an article. In a word, the result of the study is hoped to contribute to enhance the readers’ comprehending and evaluative skills in interpreting metaphor in newspapers. 1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The findings of study on similarities and differences between metaphor in English and Vietnamese newspapers will help the Vietnamese learners have precious experience of how to write and

translate an article. In a word, the result of the study is hoped to contribute to enhance the readers’ comprehending and evaluative skills in interpreting metaphor in newspapers. 1.6. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY The thesis consists of 5 main chapters as follows: Chapter 1: Introduction of the study Chapter 2: Literature review and theoretical background of the study Chapter 3: Methods and procedures of the study Chapter 4: Findings and discussion Chapter 5: Conclusion, implications, limitations and further study Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1. REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS STUDY Traditionally, metaphor has been considered stylistic devices in literature. According to Reddy in “Metaphor and Thought” (1979), our language spoken everyday is mainly metaphor. According to Galperin (1981) in Stylistics [7], states “the term ‘metaphor’, as the etymology of the word reveals, means transference of some quality from one object to another. From the times of ancient Greek and Roman rhetoric, the term has been known to denote the transference of meaning from one word to another. It is still widely used to designate the process in which a word acquires a derivative meaning.” [p.140]

7

8

In a cognitive perspective, Lakoff and Johnson in “Metaphors We Live By” (1980) have also suggested that they are problems not only in language but also in the human conceptual system. Metaphors are much more powerful instruments in the eyes of Lakoff and Johnson. Metaphors have entailments that organize our experience, uniquely express that experience, and create necessary realities. Lakoff and Johnson attacked the two commonly accepted theories of metaphor. The abstraction theory - that there exists one neutral and abstract concept that underlies both the literal and metaphorical use of word - failed on six counts. The abstraction doesn't apply throughout, in height, emotion, future, etc. Đinh Tr ng L c (1999) contends that there are some similarities between object A and B in representing the metaphorical meaning. Object B is used to refer to object A. It is called metaphor. [53] In Vietnamese, some researchers have investigated metaphor. Some traditional famous linguists in Viet Nam such as: Hoàng Tr ng Phi n (1997), Di p Quang Ban (2005), Cao Xuân H o (1986), Đinh Tr ng L c (1998), Nguy n Thi n Giáp (2001) and Phan Văn Hòa (2005) also have their own viewpoints on metaphor. 2.2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.2.1. Definition of Metaphor In Introduction to Functional Grammar (1989), Halliday gives the definition of metaphors [11]. According to Galperin (1981), metaphor is a relation between the dictionary and contextual logical meanings based on the affinity or similarity of certain properties of two corresponding concepts. [7]

In Metaphors We Live By (1980), Lakoff and Johnson [19] say that metaphors play an important role in defining our everyday realities. In cognitive linguistics, metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain; According to Lakoff (1980), “The metaphor is not just a matter of language, but thought and reason” [18]. The language is secondary. The mapping is primary, in that it sanctions the use of source domain language and inference patterns for target domain concepts. In this study we base our investigation of metaphor on the two definitions by Galperin [7] and Lakoff [18], the former of which serves our exploration to seek the words and expressions denoting metaphor based on the association of similarities whereas the latter is useful in seeking the conceptual schemata’s for metaphor in a variety of aspects of life in different genres.2.2.2 Classification of Metaphors Galperin (1981) divides metaphors into two main types: Genuine metaphors and Trite metaphors [7]. According to the degree of unexpectedness metaphors can be classified into: - Dead metaphors, Live or active metaphors, extended metaphors and mixed metaphors The Vietnamese linguist Đinh Tr ng L c (1998) divides metaphors into three types: Nominal metaphors, Cognitive metaphors and Imagery metaphors.

9

10

Lakoff and Johnson (1980) identify three basic types of conceptual metaphors. They are structural metaphors, orientational metaphors and ontological metaphors. 2.2.3. Metaphors versus other ways of meaning transference 2.2.3.1. Metaphors versus Simile In Stylistics [7], Galperin (1981) gives the comparison between simile and metaphor. A simile is a comparison using “like” or “as” while functional words like “like” or “as’ are ellipses in metaphors. Both similes and metaphors link one thing to another. A simile usually uses “as” or “like”. A metaphor is a condensed simile, a shortcut to meaning, which omits “as” or “like”. A metaphor creates a relationship directly and leaves more to the imagination. With simile A is like B. With metaphor A is B. In Vietnamese, words are simile such as là, như, gi ng như, t a như, như là, như th ... 2.2.3.2. Metaphor versus metonymy Galperin (1981) in Stylistics states: “The stylistic device based on the principle of identification of two objects is called a metaphor. The stylistic device based on the principle of substitution of one object for another is called metonymy”.

Besides, cognitive linguist also make the distinction between metaphor and metonymy. Lakoff and Johnson in Metaphor We Live By (1980) explain “metaphor and metonymy are different kinds of processes. Metaphor is principally a way of conceiving of one thing in term of another, and its primary function understands. Metonymy, on the other hand, has primarily a referential function, that is, it allows us to use one entity to stand for another. But metonymy is not merely a referential device. It also serves the function of providing understanding”. [19, p.36] In this research, we will collect and analyze the samples from English and Vietnamese newspapers in syntax and semantic features in the two views. Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES 3.1. RESEARCH DESIGN With the purpose of examining the syntactic and semantic features of metaphor in English and Vietnamese newspapers, this study employs a combination of the descriptive and contrastive method. In this study, English is chosen as the target language (L2) and Vietnamese serves as the source language (L1). 3.2. DATA COLLECTION 3.2.1. Sampling The samples were randomly taken from English and Vietnamese

Another difference between metaphor and metonymy is that a metaphor acts by suppressing an idea while metonymy acts by combining ideas. Metaphor is used for substitution and condensation, a metonymy used for combination and displacement.

newspapers

about

400

metaphorical

expressions

from

various

newspapers. The corpus of study consists of 400 samples: 200 in English and 200 in Vietnamese. 3.2.2. Procedure of data collection

11

12

3.3. DATA ANALYSIS - Instances of suggested cases of metaphor were analyzed contextually - The analysis looked into the associative process basing on the similarities and identified various kinds of the similarities. - The analysis explored how cases of metaphor functioned to denote or express the reference to various aspects of life mentioned in newspapers. - After determining the semantic functions and shades of meaning the metaphorical expression might reveal, the analysis identified the syntactic realizations of metaphorical expressions. - The data were classified qualitatively according to the syntactic and semantic features the metaphorical expressions revealed in cases of metaphor. 3.4. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY To ensure the reliability of the samples and the results of data collection and data analysis, the steps in the procedures for collecting data and analyzing the data (as presented in the foregoing section) were strictly conformed to. The consistency in the samples chosen and qualitative information were ensured with a set of criteria for sampling so that the instances under investigation were the ones that would show no difference when someone else other than the candidate herself carried out the collection and analysis of the data. To achieve this, a set of semantic criteria have been set up and followed strictly, as mentioned in section 3.2, 3.3. As for the validity of the data collection and analysis, the study checked whether the samples observed met the descriptive requirements

set out in the objectives and in the theoretical background. That is to say the samples of metaphorical expressions in cases of metaphor revealed what the author wised to describe and explore as claimed in the aims and objectives. Chapter 4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1. SYNTAXTIC FEATURES OF METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE NEWSPAPERS 4.1.1. Syntactic features of metaphors in English newspapers 4.1.1.1. Noun phrases a) N b) ART + N c) ADJ + N d) NP + PP (PREP + N/NP) e) NP’s + N f) N + PP g) COMPOUND N 4.1.1.2. Adjective Phrases a) ADJ b) COMPOUND ADJ c) PAST PARTICIPLE / PRESENT PARTICIPAL 4.1.1.3. Verb Phrases a) V

13

14

b) V + NP c) V + N/NP + PP d) V + PP e) V + AP f) PASSIVE VERB 4.1.1.4. Prepositional phrases 4.1.1.5. Sentences Table 4.2. Relative Frequency of syntactic categories of metaphors in English newspapers Phrasal structure Occurrence Noun Phrases Adj Phrases Verb Phrases Prep Phrases Sentences 91 32 83 5 7 English Percentage % 41.7 14.7 38.1 2.3 3.2

4.1.3.1. Noun phrases a) N b) COMPOUND N c) N + ADJ d) NP (N + N) + NP (N + N) e) NP (N + A) + NP (N + A) f) COMPOUND N + COMPOUND N g) COMPOUND N + COMPOUND ADJ 4.1.3.2. Adjective phrases a) ADJ b) COMPOUND ADJ c) ADJP + NP/VP d) COMPOUND ADJ + COMPOUND ADJ 4.1.3.3. Verb Phrases a) V b) COMPOUND V c) V + NP

4.1.2. Syntactic Functions of Metaphorical Expressions in English Newspapers. 4.1.2.1. Metaphorical expressions as subjects 4.1.2.2. Metaphorical expressions as subject complements 4.1.2.3. Metaphorical expressions as objects 4.1.3. Syntactic features of metaphors in Vietnamese newspapers d) VP (V + N) + VP (V + N) e) VP + PP f) VP (V + A) + VP (V + A) g) VP + NP h) (NEGATIVE) V + NP i) VP (V + N + PP) + VP (V + N + PP)

15

16

j) PASSIVE VP 4.1.3.4. Prepositional phrases 4.1.3.5. Sentences 4.1.4. Syntactic Functions of Metaphorical Expressions in Vietnamese Newspapers 4.1.4.1. Metaphorical Expressions as Subjects 4.1.4.2. Metaphorical Expressions as Objects 4.1.4.3. Metaphorical Expressions as Complements 4.1.5. Similarities in Syntactic Features of Metaphors in English and Vietnamese Newspapers From the result summarized in table 4.5, we can see most of metaphors in both languages appeared in the form of noun phrases, adjective phrases and verb phrases. Journalists also used prepositional phrases and sentences to express metaphors in the articles in both English and Vietnamese. In newspapers, English and Vietnamese writers were found to often use some forms of noun phrases, such as noun, compound noun or adjective + noun. Beside that, adjective and compound adjective in adjective phrases and verb, verb + noun phrase, passive verb (verb phrase) in verb phrases were found in metaphorical expressions in both languages. Moreover, newspaper reports in both English and Vietnamese also employed prepositional phrases and sentences to describe the metaphors but the occurrence is low. 4.1.6. Differences in Syntactic Features of Metaphors in English and Vietnamese newspapers

Apart from the similarities mentioned above, in English and Vietnamese there are many fundamental differences and they are reflected in many aspects, it is also seen in the language press. Metaphorical expressions in newspapers, English and Vietnamese have some differences in syntactic features: Firstly, from the table 4.5, we can see that among all of the metaphors investigated in the English newspaper language, there are no metaphors in the form of noun phrase + noun phrase, compound noun + compound noun or compound noun + compound adjective. Conversely, in Vietnamese there are no metaphors in the form of article (a, an, the) + noun or NP’s. Beside that, past participle and present participle in English are used as adjective but there are not in Vietnamese. Secondly, in the table 4.6 we find that the preference for syntactic categories of metaphors in English and Vietnamese newspapers has a significant statistical difference. Table 4.6. Relative Frequency of syntactic categories of metaphors in English and Vietnamese newspapers English Phrasal structure Noun Phrases Adj Phrases Verb Phrases Prep Phrases Sentences Occurrence 91 32 83 5 7 Percentage % 41.7 14.7 38.1 2.3 3.2 Occurrence 107 49 136 11 8 Percentage % 34.4 15.8 43.7 3.5 2.6 Vietnamese

17

18

In the metaphorical expressions of Vietnamese articles, phrasal verbs used more noun phrases (43.7 % / 34.4 %) but in English is opposite (38.1% / 41.7 %). Furthermore, the result of the contrastive analysis shows that the position of noun and adjective in English and Vietnamese is different. In English, noun is preceded by adjective (Adj + N) while Vietnamese has the reverse order (N + Adj) though in both languages adjectives are used to modify the noun. 4.2. SEMANTIC FEATURES OF METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE NEWSPAPERS According to traditional linguists, metaphor, based on the association of similarity, is one of the two basic types of semantic transference that have been an interest for many linguistic researchers. 4.2.1. Semantic features of metaphorical expressions in English newspapers Based on the association of similarity about colors, forms, functions, characters…, the metaphor can be divided into the following types: 4.2.1.1. Metaphorical Expressions denoting color 4.2.1.2. Metaphorical Expressions denoting weather 4.2.1.3. Metaphorical Expressions denoting war 4.2.1.4. Metaphorical Expressions denoting health 4.2.1.5. Metaphorical Expressions denoting animal 4.2.1.6. Metaphoric Expressions denoting food 4.2.1.7. Metaphorical Expressions denoting journeys 4.2.1.8. Metaphoric Expressions denoting characters

4.2.2. Semantic features of metaphorical expressions in Vietnamese newspapers 4.2.2.1. Metaphorical Expressions denoting color 4.2.2.2. Metaphorical Expressions denoting weather 4.2.2.3. Metaphorical Expressions denoting war 4.2.2.4. Metaphorical Expressions denoting health 4.2.2.5. Metaphorical Expressions denoting animal 4.2.2.6. Metaphorical Expressions denoting food 4.2.2.7. Metaphorical Expressions denoting journeys 4.2.2.8. Metaphorical Expressions denoting characters 4.2.3. Similarities in Semantic Features of Metaphors in English and Vietnamese Newspapers We have mentioned some commonly used types of metaphor in English and Vietnamese newspapers. We can see that both English and Vietnamese nearly have the categorization of metaphorical expressions in common. In this chapter, we have collected and analyzed metaphorical expressions in English and Vietnamese newspapers in term of syntax and semantics. As we have discussed and analyzed above, semantic and syntactic features of metaphor in English and Vietnamese newspapers are difficult for us to understand perfectly, especially when we read the foreign press. That is the reason why I have paid much attention to the study with the hope it will be a helpful and useful part for language, particularly for English and Vietnamese. In both languages, metaphor can be categorized into 8 groups denoting 8 topics illustrated in table 4.9 They are color, weather, war, health, animal, food, journeys, characters,

19

20

idioms. Based on the analysis, we can know that English and Vietnamese share almost all the ways in which the speakers of two languages perceive and conceptualize in newspapers. In summary, metaphor is a significant and common phenomenon of language in over the world. Metaphor is also a basic ingredient of successful interpersonal conveying of ideas. In English and Vietnamese, metaphor is a dominant and difficult stylistic device. Generally, concepts of metaphor in both languages are quite similar, even identified. They are the way of saying this thing but meaning another. Look at table 4.9; we can see most of topics of metaphor are used in both English and Vietnamese. Both languages have the categorization of metaphorical expressions in common. 4.2.4. Differences in Semantic Features of Metaphors in English and Vietnamese Newspapers Although there is similarity in most of the basic topics in semantic features in English and Vietnamese newspapers, we have realized that journalists use metaphorical expressions with frequency different. We can find in table 4.10 below, the group of metaphors denoting color is accounted 7.8% versus 12.5% in Vietnamese newspapers. In contrast, the group of metaphors denoting war in English newspapers is used more in Vietnamese (17.0% versus 10.0%). Beside that, Vietnamese journalists often use the groups of animal, food and characters than English writers. Table 4.10 Relative Frequency of semantic categories of metaphors in English and Vietnamese newspapers 4.3.1. Time is money Topics of metaphors English Occurrence Percentage Vietnamese Occurrence Percentage Color Weather War Health Animal Food Journeys Characters 17 41 37 45 8 12 52 6

% 7.8 18.8 17.0 20.6 3.7 5.5 23.9 2.7 39 46 31 59 15 41 57 23

% 12.5 14.8 10.0 19.0 4.8 13.2 18.3 7.4

In summary, the illustration in the tables above gives us a general view of the distribution of metaphorical expressions in English and Vietnamese newspapers. We can see the similarity and differences of the syntax and semantics in occurrence and percentage of each category of metaphors in both languages. 4.3. METAPHORS OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE

NEWSPAPERS IN THE CONTEMPORARY VIEW We know that all of us, not just poets, speak in metaphors, whether we realize it or not? Can it be perhaps true that we live by metaphors? In “Metaphors We Live By” (1980) of Lakoff, a linguist, and Johnson, a philosopher, suggest that metaphors not only make our thoughts more vivid and interesting but also actually structure our perceptions and understanding.

If we call money is source domain and time is target domain, we will illustrate this metaphorical expression:

21

22

SOURCE DOMAIN: MONEY waste money save money investing money lost money running out of money

TARGET DOMAIN: TIME waste time save time investing time lost time running out of time

influences about cultural and social aspects of two nations create the differences in both languages as shown in proper names used as metaphorical expression. As regard to instances of metaphors in contemporary view where cases of metaphor are treated the mapping from the source domain to the target domain we can find the similarities in all the models mentioned. This may be because the conceptualized models of metaphor are universally constructed in the language users’ mind irrespective of the language they speak. However, as we go down with specific cases of metaphor with the expressions derived from these

We also find the metaphorical expressions TIME IS MONEY in Vietnamese newspapers: SOURCE DOMAIN: MONEY phung phí ti n b c ti t ki m ti n b c t n ti n b c ñ dành ti n b c s d ng ti n b c 4.3.2. Argument is war 4.3.3. Happy is up, sad is down4.4. SUMMARY In this chapter, we have analyzed and discussed some syntactic and semantic features of metaphorical expressions in English and Vietnamese newspapers. The findings from the data collection and analysis illustrate that there are diversified structures and meanings in English and Vietnamese. Besides the similarities of metaphors in the semantic TARGET DOMAIN: TIME phung phí th i gian ti t ki m th i gian t n th i gian ñ dành th i gian s d ng th i gian

models, differences in syntactic features and semantic types are expected to be recognized. However, in this scope of study, we have to leave this for a further investigation. Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 5.1. CONCLUSION From a contrastive analysis of more than 400 samples collected from English and Vietnamese newspapers, this thesis has tried to present the syntactic and semantic features of metaphor in newspapers in the two languages. From the result of data analysis, I can have the conclusion as follows: English and Vietnamese share in common almost every characteristic in the aspects of syntax and semantics. Besides that, metaphorical expressions have the distinctive features and different effects in performances the purpose and nature of newspapers.

features manifested in topics and aspects, they still have differences in the structures, frequency of occurrence in newspapers. Moreover, the

23

24

Syntactically, we can see most of metaphors in both languages appeared in the form of noun phrases, adjective phrases and verb phrases. Journalists also used prepositional phrases and sentences to express metaphors in the articles in both English and Vietnamese. However, we also found that the preference for syntactic categories of metaphors in English and Vietnamese newspapers had a significant statistical difference in terms of the compound realizations where the Vietnamese instances outnumbered those in English. Semantically, it’s easy for us to recognize the examples of metaphor in traditional view, because they are often used based on the association of similarity. In contrast, although they are also used in every daily activities of life, metaphors in the examples in contemporary view are difficult to realize due to the fact that we just recognize the instances of metaphor that derived from the original conceptualized model of metaphor. This is because it is easier to focus on the individual cases of similarity which triggers the hearer’s association of the similarity for the hidden comparison whereas the language users can employ and understand the derived cases of conceptual metaphor but fail to trace back to the original one where they have to carry out a mapping from source domain to target one, i.e. from the metaphorical word or image (target) by which the implied idea or the hidden subject of the comparison is conveyed (source). 5.2. IMPLICATIONS ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING The result of the study may be beneficial to teachers and learners of both languages because the newspaper language is a challenge to the

readers. Furthermore, it can help students enrich their knowledge of metaphor and provide precious experience to write and translate an article more effectively and successfully. So teachers can guide and provide students with basic knowledge about metaphor. Furthermore, newspapers are important in our lives, so teachers can encourage learners to read and to write articles and story in newspapers, especially in foreign newspapers. The analysis of the similarities and differences of metaphor in English and Vietnamese newspapers is significant and important to native speaker of English and Vietnamese learners of English in terms of language transfer. The Vietnamese learners of English may not use metaphor as much as English do in some grammatical categories and in some positions because they may not have enough knowledge and experience to make use of metaphor in various structures. Besides that, showing the similarities and differences of using metaphorical expressions in English and Vietnamese newspapers can help the learners avoid misinterpretation and gain the implicational meaning of an English article. Moreover, it is clearly a powerful strategy in communicative interactions so the learners of English should master this linguistic device to help them to become more skilful in interaction. As long as they acquire the linguistic competence concerning metaphorical mechanism, they will no longer feel confused when countering with this. When they are confident with metaphorical knowledge in both languages, they will probably have ability to translate correctly not only the representational meaning but also interpersonal meaning in appreciate contexts.

25

26

From the problems presented above, we recommend the teachers should apply knowledge about metaphor in teaching both English and Vietnamese for the students’ acquisition of the syntactic features, the semantic ingredients of metaphor. Then teachers may allow their classes to take part in the activities such as writing letters, small articles using metaphors. With a competence of metaphor as far as their semantics and the corresponding structures are concerned of the two languages, the learners will probably express successfully their information. 5.3. LIMITATION AND FURTHER STUDY Owing to metaphor usage in languages which is really wide and diversified, the research has mainly paid attention to basic fields of the traditional and contemporary view. Additionally, we cannot collect and analyze all the equivalent samples of metaphorical expressions in English and Vietnamese to distinguish the similarity and difference of these instances. Besides that, metaphor in newspaper languages contains abstract concepts which need the agents and the receivers who must have rich cultural and traditional background knowledge for the analysis and interpretation. The most important drawback is that the thesis has covered a wide range of topics and genres, and accordingly failed to bring into salience the distinctive features of the metaphorical cases found in newspapers. With those shortcomings, we assume that further studies are still needed to explore the following issues of metaphors in newspapers. - The conceptual metaphors in the language of sports in sports magazines in English vs. Vietnamese

- The metaphorical expressions in the language of editorials in English vs. Vietnamese