Left-wing guerilla groups formed in opposition to the extreme oppression and disproportion of land and wealth distribution against the poor majority.
In 1966, civilian rule was restored in Guatemala led by Cesar Mendez, after an orderly election took place. Nevertheless, major
counterinsurgency campaigns, led by the army, emerged; thus, intensifying the civil war. Efforts were focussed on gaining control of the terrorism and violence which dominated Guatemalan society. Mendez aimed to placate the right-wing elements which existed in the military. During this time, the military-based , MANO blanca (‘white hand’) used an operation of ‘disappearance’, while eliminating the rebels, in demand for support of the army’s counterinsurgency campaign. Prior to this, the guatemalan air force selectively bombed Zacapa with the assistance of the US military.