Mrchen

Sociology of Sport Journal, 1994,11,356-375 O 1994 Human Kinetics Publishers. Inc.

Homogenization, Americanization, and Creolization of Sport: Varieties of Globalization
Barsie Houlihan Staffordshire University
The paper explores the relationship between globalization and the concept of cultural imperialism. In addition, the paper addresses the problem of assessing the significance of particular sports and forms of organization of sport in the relationship between the global culture and recipient cultures. The paper distinguishes between the reach or penetration of the global culture and the response of recipient communities. Material is drawnfrom a number of countries including Ireland, Australia, and those in the Caribbean to identify six distinct patterns of globalization. The paper explores the factors that affect the extent of penetration by the global culture and those factors that produce a passive, participative, or conflictual response by local cultures. Cette recherche porte sur la relation entre la globalisation et le concept d 'impe 'rialisme culture/. De plus, cette recherche touche au probl2me de l 'tvaluation de / 'importance de certains sports et formes d 'organisation du sport au sein de la relation entre la culture globule et les cultures receveuses. Une distinction est faite entre la ptne 'tration de la culture globule et la rtponnse des cornrnunaute 'sreceveuses. A par fir de mate 'riauxprovenant de plusieurs pays, y compris I 'lrlande, I 'Australie et les pays des Caraitbes, six patrons de globalisation sont identgits. Les facteurs qui affectent le degre ' de pe 'ne 'tration de la culture globale ainsi que les facteurs qui rdsultent en rtponses passives, participatives ou conflictuelles de la part des cultures locales sont e 'galement examine 's.

It can be argued that a worldwide organizational infrastructure for sport has existed for some time and that, superficially at least, this has facilitated the development of a global sporting

References: An, M., & Sage, G. (1992). The golf boom in South Korea: Serving hegemonic interests. Sociology of Sport Journal, 9, 372-384. Ang, I. (1985). Watching Dallas: Soap opera and the melodramatic imagination. London: Methuen. Anthias, F. (1989). Women and nationalism in Cyprus. In N. Yuval-Davis & F. Anthias (Eds.), Women-nation-state (pp. 150-167). Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan. Beyer, P. (1994). Religion and globalization. London: Sage. Blau, P.M. (1956). Bureaucracy in modern society. New York: Random House. Brohm, J-M. (1978). Sport: A prison of measured time. London: Pluto Press. Varieties of Globalization 373 Burton, R.D.E. (1991). Cricket, carnival and street culture in the Caribbean. In G. Jarvie (Ed.), Sport, racism and ethnicity (pp. 7-29). London: Falmer Press. Cantelon, H., & Murray, S. (1993) Globalization and sport, structure and agency: The need for greater clarity. Sociery and Leisure, 16(2), 275-292. Colley, L. (1992). Britons: Forging the nation, 1707-1837. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Constantino, R. (1978). Neocolonial identity and counter-consciousness: Essays on cultural decolonialisation. London: Merlin Press. Dorfman, A. (1985). The empire 's old clothes. London: Pluto Press. Dorfman, A,, & Mattelart, A. (1975). How to read Donald Duck: Imperialist ideology in the Disney comics. New York: International General Editions. Downs, A. (1972). Up and down with ecology-The "issue attention" cycle. Public Interest, 28. Elias, N. (1986). Introduction. In N. Elias & E. Dunning (Eds.), Quest for excitement: Sport and leisure in the civilizing process (pp. 7-41). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. Featherstone, M. (1990). Global culture: An introduction. In M. Featherstone (Ed.), Global culture: Nationalism, globalization and modernity (pp. 1-14). London: Sage. Feld, S. (1988). Notes on world beat. Public Culture Bulletin, 1(1), 31-37. Franks, A.G. (1969). Latin America: Underdevelopment or revolution? New York: Monthly Review Press. Franks, A.G. (1979). Dependent accumulation and underdevelopment. New York: Monthly Review Press. Hall, A. (1993). Gender and sport in the 1990s: Feminism, culture and politics. Sport Science Review, 2(1), 48-68. Hall, S. (1990). The local and the global: Globalization and ethnicity. In A.D. King (Ed.), Culture, globalization and the world system (pp. 19-40). Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan. Hamelink, C. (1983). Cultural autonomy in global communications. New York: Longman. Hanak, A. (1974). The historical background of the creation of the "Maccabi World Union." In Physical education and sports in the Jewish history and culture (Proceedings of an international seminar at Wingate Institute, July 1973, pp. 147-160). Netanya, Israel: Wingate Institute. Hannerz, U. (1990a). Cosmopolitans and locals in world culture. In M. Featherstone (Ed.), Global culture: Nationalism, globalization and modernity (pp. 237-252). London: Sage. Hannerz, U. (1990b). Scenarios for peripheral cultures. In A.D. King (Ed.), Culture, globalization and the world system (pp. 107-128). Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan. Harriss, I. (1986). Cricket and bourgeois ideology. In G. Lawrence & D. Rowe (Eds.), Power play: Essays in the sociology of Australian sport (pp. 179-195). Sydney, Australia: Hale & Iremonger. Houlihan, B. (1994). Sport and international politics. Hemel-Hempstead, U K : Harvester-Wheatsheaf. Ingham, A.G. (1975). Occupational sub-cultures in the work world of sport. In D.W. Ball & J.W. Loy (Eds.), Sport and social order: Contributions to the sociology of sport (pp. 333-390). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. James, C.L.R. (1963). Beyond a boundary. London: Stanley Paul. James, C.L.R. (1977). The future in the past. New York: Lawrence Hill. Joseph, G.M. (1988). Forging the regional pastime: Baseball and class in Yucatin. In J.L. Arbena (Ed.), Sport and society in Latin America: Diffusion, dependency, and the rise of mass culture (pp. 24-62). New York: Greenwood Press. 374 Houlihan Katz, E., & Liebes, T. (1985). Mutual aid in decoding "Dallas": Preliminary notes from a cross cultural study. In P. Drummond & R. Paterson (Eds.), Television in transition (pp. 187-198). London: British Film Institute. Klein, A. (1989). Baseball as underdevelopment: The political economy of sport. New York: Oxford University Press. Klein, A. (1991a). Sport and culture as contested terrain: Americanization in the Caribbean. Sociology of Sport Journal, 8, 79-88. Klein, A. (1991b). Sugarball: The American game, the Dominican dream. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Knox, C. (1986). Political symbolism and leisure provision in Northern Ireland local government. Local Government Studies, 12(5), 37-50. Lechner, F.J. (1985). Modernity and its discontents. In J.C. Alexander (Ed.), Neofuncrionalism (pp. 229-253). London: Sage. Maguire, J. (1990). More than a sporting touchdown: The making of American football in England 1982-1 990. Sociology of Sport Journal, 7 , 213-237. Maguire, J. (1993a). Globalization, sport and national identities: "The Empire Strikes Back"? Loisir et Societe, 16(2), 293-322. Maguire, J. (1993b). Globalization, sport development, and medialsport production complex. Sport Science Review, 2(1), 29-47. Mandle, W.F. (1987). The Gaelic Athletic Association and Irish nationalist politics 18841924. London: Christopher Helm. Marcuse, H. (1955). Eros and civilisation. Boston MA: Little, Brown. Mattelart, A. (1983). Transnationals and third world: The struggle for culture. South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Gamey. Mitchell, B. (1992). A national game goes international: Baseball in Australia. The lnternational Journal of the History of Sport, 9(2), 288-301. Morley, D. (1986). Family television: Cultural power and domestic leisure. London: Comedia. Patterson, 0. (1969). The ritual of cricket. Jamaica Journal, 3(1), 23-25. Reshef, N., & Paltiel, J. (1989). Partisanship and sport: The unique case of politics and sport in Israel. Sociology of Sport Journal, 6, 305-318. Robertson, R. (1987). Globalization and societal modemisation: A note on Japan and Japanese religion. Sociological Analysis, 47 (Summer), 35-43. Robertson, R. (1989). Globalization, politics and religion. In J.A. Beckford & T. Luckman (Eds.), The changing face of religion (pp. 10-23). London: Sage. Roden, D. (1980). Baseball and the quest for national dignity in Meiji Japan. American Historical Review, 85(3), 5 11-534. Roncagliolo, R. (1986). Transactional communication and culture. In R. Atwood & R. McAnany (Eds.), Communication and Latin American society: Trends in critical research, 1960-1985 (pp. 84-102). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Rosenstone, R.A. (1980). Learning from those "imitative" Japanese: Another side of the American experience in the Mikado 's empire. American Historical Review, 85(3). Rutten, P. (1991). Local popular music on the national and international markets. Cultural Studies, 5(3), 294-305. Said, E. (1994). Culture and imperialism. London: Vintage. St. Pierre, M. (1990). West Indian cricket: A cultural contradiction? Arena Review, 14(1), 13-24. Schiller, H.I. (1976). Communication and cultural domination. New York: Sharpe. Schiller, H.I. (1985). Electronic information flows: New basis for global domination? In P. Drummond & R. Paterson (Eds.), Television in transition (pp. 11-20). London: BFI Books. Varieties of Globalization 375 Soreq, Y. (1984). Diasporal Jewish participation in gymnastic life. In N. Muller & J.K. Kuhl (Eds.), Olympic Scientific Congress, Oficial Report, Sports History (pp. 432441). Niederhausen, Germany: Schors. Stoddart, B. (1987). Cricket, social formation and cultural continuity in Barbados: A preliminary ethnography. Journal of Sport History, 14(3), 317-340. Stoddart, B. (1990). Wide world of golf: A research note on the interdependence of sport, culture and economy. Sociology of Sport Journal, 7, 378-388. Sugden, J., & Baimer, A. (1986). Northern Ireland: The politics of leisure in a divided society. Leisure Studies, 5, 341-352. Sussman, G., & Lent, J.A. (1991). Transnational communication: Wiring the third world. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Sylvester, C. (1993). Homeless in international relations? "Women 's" place in canonical and feminist reimaginings. In M. Ringrose & A.J. Lerner (Eds.), Reimaging the nation (pp. 76-97). Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. Tickner, J.A. (1988). Hans Morgenthau 's principles of political realism: A feminist reformulation. Millenium Journal of International Relations, 17(3), 21-46. Tiffin, H. (1981). Cricket, literature and the politics of de-colonisation: The case of CLR James. In R. Cashman & M. McKernan (Eds.), Sport, money, morality and the media (pp. 177-193). Kensington, NSW: New South Wales University Press. Tomlinson, J. (1991). Cultural imperialism: A critical introduction. London: Pinter. van der Menve, F.J.G. (1985). Afrikaner nationalism in sport. Canadian Journal of History of Sport and Physical Education, 16(2), 34-46. Wagner, E.A. (1990). Sport in Asia and Africa: Americanization or mundialisation? Sociology of Sport Journal, 7, 399-402. Wallerstein, I. (1990a). Culture as the ideological battleground of the modem worldsystem. Theory, Culture and Society, 7(2), 31-55. Wallerstein, I. (1990b). The national and the universal: Can there be such a thing as a world culture? In A.D. King (Ed.), Culture, globalization and the world system (pp. 91-106). Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan. Wallis, R., & Malms, K. (1984). Big sounds from small people: The music industry in small countries. London: Constable. Wallis, R., & Malms, K. (1987). The international music industry and transnational communication. In J. Lull (Ed.), Popular music and communication (pp. 112-137). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Whannel, G. (1992). Fields in vision: Television sport and cultural transformation. London: Rutledge. Zayed, A. (1987). Popular culture and consumerism in underdeveloped urban areas: A study of the Cairene quarter of Al-Sharrabiyya. In G. Stauth & S. Zubaida (Eds.), Mass culture, popular culture, and social life in the Middle East (pp. 287-312). Boulder, CO: Westview.