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# 2012 University of South Africa
All rights reserved
Printed and published by the
University of South Africa
Muckleneuk, Pretoria
APC1502/1/2013±2017
98832522
3B2

A4 6 pica

(iii)

APC1502/1/2013±2017

Contents

Chapter

Page

ORIENTATION WITH REGARD TO THIS MODULE
Introduction
General note
How to approach the module material
Reading
1

(vii)
(vii)
(vii)
(vii)
(ix)
1

STUDY UNIT 1: IDEOLOGY AND SOME DEFINITION-RELATED
PROBLEMS

1

STUDY UNIT 2: AFRICAN POLITICAL THOUGHT AS IDEOLOGY
Pan-Africanism
Negritude
African socialism
African humanism
Ideology, performance and the future

3
3
3
4
5
6

TEST YOURSELF: STUDY UNIT 2
2

IDEOLOGY IN AFRICAN POLITICS

7

THE POLITICS OF ETHNICITY AND CLASS IN AFRICA

8

STUDY UNIT 3: INTRODUCTION
Definition-related issues

8
8

TEST YOURSELF: STUDY UNIT 3
STUDY UNIT 4: MODERNISATION AND ETHNIC CONFLICT
Ethnic compacts
Ethnic intermediaries
Ethnic balance and proportionality
The breakdown of ethnic compacts

9
12
12
12
13

TEST YOURSELF: STUDY UNIT 4

14

STUDY UNIT 5: CASE STUDY: ETHNICITY AND THE NATION-STATE IN
NIGERIA

14

TEST YOURSELF: UNIT 5

14

STUDY UNIT 6: THE POLITICAL RELEVANCE OF CLASS IN AFRICA
Definition-related issues
The nature and meaning of class and its relevance to stratification
Foreign bourgeoisie
African bourgeoisie
Lumpenproletariat and African peasantry
Stratification in precolonial Africa

14
14
15
16
16
17
18

(iv)

Chapter

Page

The formation of classes in colonial and postcolonial Africa
Class as a source of political conflict in Africa
TEST YOURSELF: STUDY UNIT 6

19
23
24

POLITICAL PARTIES AND SINGLE-PARTY RULE
STUDY UNIT 7: THE ORIGINS OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN AFRICA
TEST YOURSELF: STUDY UNIT 7

25
25
26

STUDY UNIT 8: POLITICAL PARTIES IN FRENCH AND BRITISH AFRICA
TEST YOURSELF: STUDY UNIT 8

27
29

STUDY UNIT 9: POSTINDEPENDENCE TRENDS IN AFRICAN



Bibliography: Allen, SW. 1962. Negritude: agreement and disagreement, in American Society of African Culture, Pan-Africanism reconsidered, edited Andrain, CF. 1964. Political concept of African leaders. Unpublished PhD thesis Bates, RH. 1974. Ethnic competition and modernisation in contemporary Africa. Comparative Political Studies 6(4). Baradat, LP. 2006. Political ideologies: their origins and impact. 9th edition Bayart, JF. 1993. The state in Africa: the politics of the Africa Belly. Bratton, M & Van de Walle, N. 1992. Popular protest and political reform in Africa Chazan, N, Mortimer, R, Ravehill, J & Rothchild, D. 1999. Politics and society in contemporary Africa Collier, R. 1978. Parties, coups and authoritarian rule: patterns of political change in tropical Africa, in Governing in Black Africa, Craig, AP, Griesel, H & Witz, LD. 1994. Conceptual dictionary. Diamond, L, Linz, J & Lipset, S. 1988. Democracy in developing countries Falk, R. 1996. An inquiry into the political economy of world order. Fukuyana, F. 1989. The end of history. Nakend Interst, Summer pp 3± 18. Gulliver, R. 1969. Tradition and transition in East Africa. London: Hodder & Stoughton. Heywood, A. 2007. Political ideologies: an introduction. 4th edition. Hope, KR. 1997. African political economy: contemporary issues in development Horowitz, D. 1985. Ethnic groups in conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Hutchful, E. 1995±1996. The civil society debate in Africa. International Journal 14. Huntington, S. 1968. Political order in changing societies. Ann Arbor, Mich: Yale University Press. Hyden, G & Bratton, M (eds). 1992. Governance and politics in Africa. Ihonvbere, JO. 1996. Where is the third wave? A critical evaluation of Africa 's non-transition to democracy Ihonvbere, JO. 2000. Politics of constitutional reforms and democratisation in Africa. Unpublished conference paper. Irele, A. 1977. Negritude: the philosophy of being African. Nigeria Magazine 122±3. Jackson, RH. 1973. Political stratification in tropical Africa. Canadian Journal of African Studies 7. Jackson, R & Rosberg, C. 1984. Personal rule: theory and practise in Africa Kaunda, ED. 1966. A Humanist in Africa. London: Longman. Keller, EJ. 1995. Liberalisation, democratisation in Africa: comparative perspectives. Africa Insight 25(4):224±230. Kilson, M. 1963. Authoritarianism and single-party tendencies in African politics Kitching, GN. 1972. The concept of class and the study of Africa. Legum, C. 1990. The coming of Africa 's second independence. Liebenow, J. 1986. African politics: crisis and challenges. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Lofchie, M. 1972. The Uganda Comp Ð Class action by the military. Mazrui, A. 1983. Political engineering in Africa. International Social Science Journal 25(2). Mboya, TJ. 1964. African socialism, in Africa 's freedom, edited by AJ Luthuli Morgen, RS. 1964. Political Partners in French Ð Speaking West Africa Narenin, O. 1973. Class analysis in African studies. Journal of Modern African Studies 3. Norton, DR. 1993. The future of Civil Society in the Middle East Journal vol 47(2):205±216 Nyerere, JK. 1964. Ujamaa: the basis of African socialism, in Africa 's freedom, edited by AJ Luthuli Orvis, S. 2001. Civil society in Africa or African civil society. Journal of Asian and African Studies 36(1). Poulantzas, N. 1972. On social classes. New Left Review 78. Sandbrook, R. 1985. The invisible constitution. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 4(1&2). Schraeder, PJ. 2000. African politics and society. A mosaic in transformation Senghor, LS. 1960. Negritude: a humanism of the twentieth century, in The Africa Reader: Independent Africa, edited by M Kilson & W Shivji, IG. 1976. Class struggle in Tanzania. London: Heinemann. Sithole. M. 1985. Is multi-party democracy possible in multi-ethnic

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