Msu Psychology Exam
PSY 235 EXAM #3
PREJUDICE STERETYPING & DISCRIMINATION 1. Prejudice: a generalized attitude toward members of a social group. 2. Differences between old-fashioned racism and modern racism 3. Aversive Racism: the explicit endorsement of racial equality accompanied by an unconscious harboring of negative feelings towards an ethnical group. 4. Ambivalent Sexism: 1) Hostile Sexism: a) Women seek to control men through sexuality and feminist ideology. b) Negative attitude towards women who are viewed as taking power from men 2) Benevolent Sexism: a) Women are pure creatures that need to be protected, supported and adored, and whose love is necessary to make a man complete. b) Positive attitude toward women who accept traditional gender roles. 5. Stereotypes: a) Generalized beliefs about members of a social group. b) Can be positive and negative. c) We learned it from our environment d) We have it because our short-cuts of processing information. 6. Differences b/ Implicit stereotypes and explicit stereotypes 1) Explicit: consciously aware of; verbally report 2) Implicit: not consciously aware of; e.g. aversive racism 7. Implicit Association Test: reaction time measure that access cognitive associations between social groups and stereotype content or positive/ negative evaluations. 8. ITA has been showed to predict: 1) Non-verbal behavior 2) Intention to vote for McCain or Obama 3) Physicians’ recommendations for medical treatments for heart conditions 4) Patients’ satisfaction with the patient–physician interaction 5) Hiring decisions 9. Discrimination: behaviors directed toward people on the basis of their group membership. 10. Stereotype threat: the fear that one might confirm the negative stereotypes held by other s toward one’s group. 11. Steele & Aronson: 1) Experiment about stereotype threat 2) Blacks and whites, difficult exams 3) Some of the students were told to report their race 4) Exam result: a) Race not salient: black’s > white’s; b) Race salient: white’s > black’s and is higher than “”race is not salient” c) Whites are proud of their race but blacks are shamed of it. 12. 3 ways to reduce stereotype threat 1) Using humor to reduce anxiety associated with threat 2) Thinking of role models who contradict the stereotype. 3) Learning about the process of stereotype threat. 13. Correll et al. (2002) 1) White participants. Identify whether a target (half whites and half blacks) is holding a gun or not. 2) Findings: | BLACKS | WHITES | FASTER | To shoot armed targets | To not shoot unarmed targets | likeliness to shoot an unarmed target | more | less |
14. Stereotype can be efficient to speed up processing of information. 15. Conditions where we are more likely to use stereotype: 1) Emotionally aroused (angry, fearful, happy) 2) Anxious 3) Cognitively burdened or distracted (心烦意乱的). 16. Outgroup Homogeneity Effect: phenomenon of overestimating the extent to which members within other groups are similar to each other. (sharpen the distinctions between groups and soften the differences within groups) 17. Realistic Group Conflict Theory: the proposal that intergroup conflict, and negative prejudices and stereotypes, emerge out of actual competition between groups for desired resources. 18. Robber’s Cave Experiment: a) Boys split into groups. b) Tournament of contests between groups c) Intense competition, name-calling, raiding, fist-fighting. 19. Social Dominance Orientation: a) The extent to which a person wants his/her own group to dominate other groups and be socially and materially superior to them b) Predicts negative attitudes toward low-status group c) More likely to develop in high-status group. 20. Minimal Groups: 1) Participants estimate the number of dots on a screen for a series of trails 2) Assigned to a groups presumably based on their answers (underestimate or overestimate) 3) Participants distribute more rewards to their fellow underestimators or overestimators
PREJUDICE STERETYPING & DISCRIMINATION 1. Prejudice: a generalized attitude toward members of a social group. 2. Differences between old-fashioned racism and modern racism 3. Aversive Racism: the explicit endorsement of racial equality accompanied by an unconscious harboring of negative feelings towards an ethnical group. 4. Ambivalent Sexism: 1) Hostile Sexism: a) Women seek to control men through sexuality and feminist ideology. b) Negative attitude towards women who are viewed as taking power from men 2) Benevolent Sexism: a) Women are pure creatures that need to be protected, supported and adored, and whose love is necessary to make a man complete. b) Positive attitude toward women who accept traditional gender roles. 5. Stereotypes: a) Generalized beliefs about members of a social group. b) Can be positive and negative. c) We learned it from our environment d) We have it because our short-cuts of processing information. 6. Differences b/ Implicit stereotypes and explicit stereotypes 1) Explicit: consciously aware of; verbally report 2) Implicit: not consciously aware of; e.g. aversive racism 7. Implicit Association Test: reaction time measure that access cognitive associations between social groups and stereotype content or positive/ negative evaluations. 8. ITA has been showed to predict: 1) Non-verbal behavior 2) Intention to vote for McCain or Obama 3) Physicians’ recommendations for medical treatments for heart conditions 4) Patients’ satisfaction with the patient–physician interaction 5) Hiring decisions 9. Discrimination: behaviors directed toward people on the basis of their group membership. 10. Stereotype threat: the fear that one might confirm the negative stereotypes held by other s toward one’s group. 11. Steele & Aronson: 1) Experiment about stereotype threat 2) Blacks and whites, difficult exams 3) Some of the students were told to report their race 4) Exam result: a) Race not salient: black’s > white’s; b) Race salient: white’s > black’s and is higher than “”race is not salient” c) Whites are proud of their race but blacks are shamed of it. 12. 3 ways to reduce stereotype threat 1) Using humor to reduce anxiety associated with threat 2) Thinking of role models who contradict the stereotype. 3) Learning about the process of stereotype threat. 13. Correll et al. (2002) 1) White participants. Identify whether a target (half whites and half blacks) is holding a gun or not. 2) Findings: | BLACKS | WHITES | FASTER | To shoot armed targets | To not shoot unarmed targets | likeliness to shoot an unarmed target | more | less |
14. Stereotype can be efficient to speed up processing of information. 15. Conditions where we are more likely to use stereotype: 1) Emotionally aroused (angry, fearful, happy) 2) Anxious 3) Cognitively burdened or distracted (心烦意乱的). 16. Outgroup Homogeneity Effect: phenomenon of overestimating the extent to which members within other groups are similar to each other. (sharpen the distinctions between groups and soften the differences within groups) 17. Realistic Group Conflict Theory: the proposal that intergroup conflict, and negative prejudices and stereotypes, emerge out of actual competition between groups for desired resources. 18. Robber’s Cave Experiment: a) Boys split into groups. b) Tournament of contests between groups c) Intense competition, name-calling, raiding, fist-fighting. 19. Social Dominance Orientation: a) The extent to which a person wants his/her own group to dominate other groups and be socially and materially superior to them b) Predicts negative attitudes toward low-status group c) More likely to develop in high-status group. 20. Minimal Groups: 1) Participants estimate the number of dots on a screen for a series of trails 2) Assigned to a groups presumably based on their answers (underestimate or overestimate) 3) Participants distribute more rewards to their fellow underestimators or overestimators