Mystery Study Questions
1.1. The Mystery Study Guide
1.1.a. What causes death? The failure of one system can cause failure of next ending in lack of brain activity 1.1.b. What clues may be found at a scene of a mysterious death that may help to determine the cause of death? Vomit, blood, fingerprints, DNA, saliva, bite marks, bullets, poison, etc 1.1.c. If someone was interested in a career with responsibility to determine the cause of death, what careers should he or she consider and investigate? Forensic Pathologist (Medical Examiner) Toxicologist Coroner Medical doctor that primarily does autopsies and determines cause of death PhD (usually) who tests body fluids (blood, vitreous humor, urine) for presence of toxins & medications to help determine cause of death Elected official that works with police & …show more content…
helps decide whether to have autopsy & whether a crime has been committed
1.1.d. What are examples of human body systems? 1.1.e. What organs make up the different body systems? Urinary “place for pee” Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra Nervous “full of nerves” Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nerves Sense organs (taste buds, ears, eyes, etc) Endocrine “secrete within” Pancreas Thymus Thyroid Pituitary Pineal Gland Adrenal Glands (“toward kidneys”) Ovaries/Test es Teeth/Tongue Salivary Glands Pharynx Esophagus (“eater within) Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine (Colon) Rectum Liver Gall Bladder 1.1.f. What are examples of interactions between body systems? Urinary Nervous Endocrine Digestive Respiratory Cardiovascular Immune Skeletal Filters waste out of blood, removing cellular waste from all systems Tells other systems what to do via electrical signals (i.e. signal to poop) Secretes hormones that signal other systems to do things (i.e. hunger) Absorbs nutrients (small intestine) to feed all other systems Brings in oxygen needs by all cells and removes carbon dioxide waste Transportation systembrings nutrients, hormones, O2 to all systems, carries waste away Protects us by preventing, trapping and killing pathogens (“disease starters”) Provides structural support, protects soft organs (i.e. heart) & makes blood cells Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea (“air tube”) Bronchus Bronchiole (“little bronchus”) Alveoli*** (“hollow”) ***then back the opposite direction Digestive Respiratory Cardio. “heart & small vessels” Atria (“entrance halls for blood”) Ventricles (“bellies” that pump out blood) Veins Venules (little veins) Arteries Arterioles (little arteries) Capillaries (“hairs”place arteries turn to veins) Erythrocytes (“red cells”) Bone Marrow Thymus Spleen Lymph Nodes (“water knots”) Tonsils Leukocytes (“white cells”) Appendix Immune
1.1.g. What might be the consequence of malfunctions in any of the body systems? Urinary Nervous Endocrine Digestive Respiratory Cardiovascular Immune Skeletal Waste will build up, killing person (kidney failure) unless they have dialysis Miscommunication causes problems like paralysis, Parkinson’s, epilepsy, etc People can experience gigantism, thyroid disorders, clotting disorders (hemophilia), etc Celiac disease, Crone’s disease, etc can interfere with absorption of nutrients Cystic fibrosis or infections can cause fluid build-up, person can drown Vision loss or limb loss if blood doesn’t circulate to those areas (like in diabetes) Autoimmune disorders if it’s overactive, inability to fight disease if it’s underactive Can’t fight disease if not making WBCs, can’t circulate oxygen if not making RBCs
1.1.h. What is a system? Parts that work together to do a job (i.e. a SCHOOL system, a BODY system, a COMPUTER system) In the case of human body systems, similar cells make up tissues and the tissues form organs, which work together. 1.1 i. Are all sources of information accurate and reliable? Sources are listed as citations in a bibliography. Primary sources are firsthand accounts (Darwin’s Origin of Species & secondary sources reference primary sources (modern biology books). We should always cite all sources used to avoid plagiarism. Students use sources, but outline and summarize and rewrite the information to show their own understanding when writing answers to conclusion questions. 1.1.j. How can you tell if information on the Internet is accurate and reliable? Anything with answers in the name are NOT (i.e. Yahooanswers, wikianswers, etc). If anyone can post there, it’s NOT reliable. Government sites (.gov) and educational pages (.edu) are usually MOST reliable. Information is usually reliable if the SAME answer can be found on MULTIPLE sites (that’s why it’s good to have documentation of at least 2 sources). 1.1.k. What is an autopsy and how can it be used to determine the cause of death? A medical examiner opens up the body cavities, weighs and examines organs, extracts fluids for a toxicologist to analyze. Autopsies (“self eyes”) let medical examiners see things with their own eyes. It’s also called a postmortem (“after death”) and used to determine cause of death. Autopsies on people who have been murdered fall into the category of forensic (“crime”) science. 1.1.l. Why is confidentiality of patient information important? 1.1.l. Who should keep patient information confidential? Everyone deserves privacy to prevent embarrassment and possible damage to relationships or loss of job. Biomedical scientists (EMTs, Medical Examiners, any kind of doctor, nurses, pharmacists, etc,) can be fired or sued or even lose their license for violating HIPAA. 1.1.m. Is there ever a time when patient confidentiality should be broken? Patient confidentiality can be broken for a patient who is under 18 (parents have rights to their info) or someone who signed a release form (for a spouse, etc, to have access) or in cases of suspected abuse
2.2 Heart Anatomy Study Guide by Hisrich
2.2.a. Why is the heart considered a pump? Pumps move fluids using pressure The heart is a pump because it moves a fluid (blood) using pressure (contractions of ventricles). The heart powers the whole cardiovascular system.
2.2.b. What are the structures that make up the human heart? Category chambers valves veins arteries Characteristics open, like rooms—hold blood flaps, like doors—let blood move one way bring blood to heart—tubes, like halls carry blood from heart—tubes, like halls Includes right and left atrium and right and left ventricles tricuspid, bicuspid (mitral), aortic & pulmonary superior & inferior vena cavas & pulmonary veins pulmonary arteries, aorta
2.2.c. How are these structures organized?
2.2.d. What is the pathway blood takes as it passes through the heart? right atriumtricuspid valveright ventriclepulmonary valvepulmonary arterieslungs for oxygenpulmonary veinsleft atriumbicuspid (mitral) valveleft ventricleaortic valveaortaarteries all over bodyarteriolescapillaries (to drop off oxygen, nutrient & hormones & pick up waste & CO2)venulesveinsvena cavasright atrium
2.2.e. What is meant by the term tissue? A tissue is a group of cells that work together to do something. Tissues make up organs, such as blood vessels and the heart. People who study tissues & make slides from them are called histologists (“one who studies tissues”)
2.2.f. What are the different types of cardiac tissue and how do they differ? Tissue Name myocardium endocardium pericardium Literal Meaning “muscle heart” “inside heart” “on heart” What it Does makes up thick muscle layer forms inner surface of chambers sac that surrounds the heart
2.2.g.
How do principles of engineering apply to heart structure and function? The heart is a pump, just like artificial pumps created by engineers. Biomedical Engineers create things like artificial heart valves & pacemakers to help treat heart problems.
2.3 The Heart at Work Study Guide by Hisrich
2.3.a. In what ways can technology be used to collect and analyze cardiovascular data? Thing measured Blood pressure Tool used Sphygmomanometer “pulse measurer” Heart rate Electricity within heart Timer EKG Used to find beats during 10 seconds (then multiply by 6 for bpm) Electrodes on skin pick up current and show graphically Used how Determines systolic and diastolic arterial pressure
2.3.e. What is an EKG? 2.3.f. How can an EKG be used in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease? EKGs, or electrocardiographs (“electricity heart pictures”) measure the heart’s electrical activity and display it in the form of a picture: P wavesignal passes from SA node (sinoatrial node) to AV node (atrioventricular node), moving across atria QRS intervalsignal passes from AV node through Purkinje fibers & the ventricles contract T wavethe ventricles repolarize & the heart is relaxed
EKGs are examined for missing, extra or malformed waves. EKGs are taken when heart problems are suspected and can be used in cardiology (“the study of the heart”) to diagnose heart attacks, lack of blood flow to the heart, arrhythmia (“no rhythm”), lack of forcefulness of heart muscle, muscle parts that are too thick or heart parts that are too big, birth defects of the heart, heart valve diseases.
2.3.b. What factors can influence heart rate? Lower heart rate Short-term method Sleeping or relaxing Hydrating yourself Raise heart rate Short-term method Exercising or other rapid movements Being scared or very stressed briefly Drinking caffeine or alcohol
Long term method Exercise Reducing stress Eating fruits, vegetables, nuts, beans & fish
Long term method Being out of shape Increasing stress
***Factors that influence heart rate can be determined by creating a hypothesis (testable prediction) and then testing it out, like we did in class.
2.3.c. What is the relationship between blood pressure and cardiovascular function? A normal blood pressure reading usually indicates a healthy heart, with higher readings indicating that the heart is stressed. It measures the pressure on vessel walls from the movement of blood particles. Top numberSystolicpressure in arteries as the ventricles contract & the chambers emptying (always higher) Bottom numberDiastolicpressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxed & the chambers are filling with blood (always lower)
2.3.d. What factors can influence blood pressure?
According to the Mayo Clinic, the top 10 ways to reduce your blood pressure or prevent hypertension (“extra tension”) are to: 1. Lose extra pounds and watch your waistline 2. Exercise regularly 3. Eat a healthy diet 4. Reduce sodium in your diet 5. Limit the amount of alcohol you drink 6. Avoid tobacco products and secondhand smoke 7. Cut back on caffeine 8. Reduce your stress 9. Monitor your blood pressure at home and make regular doctor's appointments 10. Get support from family and friends http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/highblood-pressure/HI00027 2.4 Blood: The River of Life
2.4.a What is the general composition of human blood? Leukocytes (“white cells”) Thrombocytes (“clotting cells”) Plasma (“former”)
Erythrocytes (“red cells”)
No nucleus, made in bone marrow by stem cells 2.4.b. Why is blood classified as a tissue?
Liquid that carries all cells, as well as hormones, nutrients, salts, etc
Tissues are groups of cells that perform a similar function and have a common origin. Blood transports materials throughout the body and is all made in the bone marrow. The study of tissues is Histology (“tissue study”) and the person who makes slides is a Histology Technician. The removal of tissues from the body is called a Biopsy.
2.4.c
What are the characteristics and function of red blood cells?
7-8 µm wide Flat for increased S.A. Carry oxygen, using hemoglobin (“blood balls”) protein Survive ~ 4 months
2.4.d.
What are the characteristics and functions of white blood cells?
12 -25 µm wide Fight diseases Part of immune system A high count can indicate infection
2.4.e.
What are the characteristics and function of platelets?
Flat and sticky Help blood clot Impaired by Aspirin
2.4.f.
In what ways does blood directly relate to other human body tissues and systems? Immune System Digestive System Urinary System Endocrine
Respiratory System
Picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide at the alveoli
Circulates white blood cells and antibodies to fight disease
Picks up nutrients from the small intestine and carries them to all other body tissues
Carries cellular waste from all the body’s tissues to the kidneys, where it is filtered out and removed in the urine.
Picks up hormones from all the endocrine organs and carries them to all other tissues
2.4.g.
Why are most cells so small? Cells need to MAXIMIZE their surface area in relation to their volume (red blood cells do this by being somewhat flat) In our experiment, the agar cubes represented cells and the sodium hydroxide represented nutrients, oxygen and water. The small cells were penetrated more quickly and effectively than the large cells.
Cells must be small enough that materials coming IN can absorb all the way IN 1. Oxygen 2. Nutrients 3. Water and materials going OUT 4. Carbon dioxide 5. Cellular waste can escape If cells get TOO BIG they’ll either starve to death or drown in their own waste
3.1 What’s in our Food? Study Guide by Hisrich
3.1.a. What are the nutrients identified on food labels? Serving Size—all values below it are for one serving Calories—total energy Total Fat—includes all fats, long term energy source & component of cells, supports brain (should be
1.1.a. What causes death? The failure of one system can cause failure of next ending in lack of brain activity 1.1.b. What clues may be found at a scene of a mysterious death that may help to determine the cause of death? Vomit, blood, fingerprints, DNA, saliva, bite marks, bullets, poison, etc 1.1.c. If someone was interested in a career with responsibility to determine the cause of death, what careers should he or she consider and investigate? Forensic Pathologist (Medical Examiner) Toxicologist Coroner Medical doctor that primarily does autopsies and determines cause of death PhD (usually) who tests body fluids (blood, vitreous humor, urine) for presence of toxins & medications to help determine cause of death Elected official that works with police & …show more content…
helps decide whether to have autopsy & whether a crime has been committed
1.1.d. What are examples of human body systems? 1.1.e. What organs make up the different body systems? Urinary “place for pee” Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra Nervous “full of nerves” Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nerves Sense organs (taste buds, ears, eyes, etc) Endocrine “secrete within” Pancreas Thymus Thyroid Pituitary Pineal Gland Adrenal Glands (“toward kidneys”) Ovaries/Test es Teeth/Tongue Salivary Glands Pharynx Esophagus (“eater within) Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine (Colon) Rectum Liver Gall Bladder 1.1.f. What are examples of interactions between body systems? Urinary Nervous Endocrine Digestive Respiratory Cardiovascular Immune Skeletal Filters waste out of blood, removing cellular waste from all systems Tells other systems what to do via electrical signals (i.e. signal to poop) Secretes hormones that signal other systems to do things (i.e. hunger) Absorbs nutrients (small intestine) to feed all other systems Brings in oxygen needs by all cells and removes carbon dioxide waste Transportation systembrings nutrients, hormones, O2 to all systems, carries waste away Protects us by preventing, trapping and killing pathogens (“disease starters”) Provides structural support, protects soft organs (i.e. heart) & makes blood cells Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea (“air tube”) Bronchus Bronchiole (“little bronchus”) Alveoli*** (“hollow”) ***then back the opposite direction Digestive Respiratory Cardio. “heart & small vessels” Atria (“entrance halls for blood”) Ventricles (“bellies” that pump out blood) Veins Venules (little veins) Arteries Arterioles (little arteries) Capillaries (“hairs”place arteries turn to veins) Erythrocytes (“red cells”) Bone Marrow Thymus Spleen Lymph Nodes (“water knots”) Tonsils Leukocytes (“white cells”) Appendix Immune
1.1.g. What might be the consequence of malfunctions in any of the body systems? Urinary Nervous Endocrine Digestive Respiratory Cardiovascular Immune Skeletal Waste will build up, killing person (kidney failure) unless they have dialysis Miscommunication causes problems like paralysis, Parkinson’s, epilepsy, etc People can experience gigantism, thyroid disorders, clotting disorders (hemophilia), etc Celiac disease, Crone’s disease, etc can interfere with absorption of nutrients Cystic fibrosis or infections can cause fluid build-up, person can drown Vision loss or limb loss if blood doesn’t circulate to those areas (like in diabetes) Autoimmune disorders if it’s overactive, inability to fight disease if it’s underactive Can’t fight disease if not making WBCs, can’t circulate oxygen if not making RBCs
1.1.h. What is a system? Parts that work together to do a job (i.e. a SCHOOL system, a BODY system, a COMPUTER system) In the case of human body systems, similar cells make up tissues and the tissues form organs, which work together. 1.1 i. Are all sources of information accurate and reliable? Sources are listed as citations in a bibliography. Primary sources are firsthand accounts (Darwin’s Origin of Species & secondary sources reference primary sources (modern biology books). We should always cite all sources used to avoid plagiarism. Students use sources, but outline and summarize and rewrite the information to show their own understanding when writing answers to conclusion questions. 1.1.j. How can you tell if information on the Internet is accurate and reliable? Anything with answers in the name are NOT (i.e. Yahooanswers, wikianswers, etc). If anyone can post there, it’s NOT reliable. Government sites (.gov) and educational pages (.edu) are usually MOST reliable. Information is usually reliable if the SAME answer can be found on MULTIPLE sites (that’s why it’s good to have documentation of at least 2 sources). 1.1.k. What is an autopsy and how can it be used to determine the cause of death? A medical examiner opens up the body cavities, weighs and examines organs, extracts fluids for a toxicologist to analyze. Autopsies (“self eyes”) let medical examiners see things with their own eyes. It’s also called a postmortem (“after death”) and used to determine cause of death. Autopsies on people who have been murdered fall into the category of forensic (“crime”) science. 1.1.l. Why is confidentiality of patient information important? 1.1.l. Who should keep patient information confidential? Everyone deserves privacy to prevent embarrassment and possible damage to relationships or loss of job. Biomedical scientists (EMTs, Medical Examiners, any kind of doctor, nurses, pharmacists, etc,) can be fired or sued or even lose their license for violating HIPAA. 1.1.m. Is there ever a time when patient confidentiality should be broken? Patient confidentiality can be broken for a patient who is under 18 (parents have rights to their info) or someone who signed a release form (for a spouse, etc, to have access) or in cases of suspected abuse
2.2 Heart Anatomy Study Guide by Hisrich
2.2.a. Why is the heart considered a pump? Pumps move fluids using pressure The heart is a pump because it moves a fluid (blood) using pressure (contractions of ventricles). The heart powers the whole cardiovascular system.
2.2.b. What are the structures that make up the human heart? Category chambers valves veins arteries Characteristics open, like rooms—hold blood flaps, like doors—let blood move one way bring blood to heart—tubes, like halls carry blood from heart—tubes, like halls Includes right and left atrium and right and left ventricles tricuspid, bicuspid (mitral), aortic & pulmonary superior & inferior vena cavas & pulmonary veins pulmonary arteries, aorta
2.2.c. How are these structures organized?
2.2.d. What is the pathway blood takes as it passes through the heart? right atriumtricuspid valveright ventriclepulmonary valvepulmonary arterieslungs for oxygenpulmonary veinsleft atriumbicuspid (mitral) valveleft ventricleaortic valveaortaarteries all over bodyarteriolescapillaries (to drop off oxygen, nutrient & hormones & pick up waste & CO2)venulesveinsvena cavasright atrium
2.2.e. What is meant by the term tissue? A tissue is a group of cells that work together to do something. Tissues make up organs, such as blood vessels and the heart. People who study tissues & make slides from them are called histologists (“one who studies tissues”)
2.2.f. What are the different types of cardiac tissue and how do they differ? Tissue Name myocardium endocardium pericardium Literal Meaning “muscle heart” “inside heart” “on heart” What it Does makes up thick muscle layer forms inner surface of chambers sac that surrounds the heart
2.2.g.
How do principles of engineering apply to heart structure and function? The heart is a pump, just like artificial pumps created by engineers. Biomedical Engineers create things like artificial heart valves & pacemakers to help treat heart problems.
2.3 The Heart at Work Study Guide by Hisrich
2.3.a. In what ways can technology be used to collect and analyze cardiovascular data? Thing measured Blood pressure Tool used Sphygmomanometer “pulse measurer” Heart rate Electricity within heart Timer EKG Used to find beats during 10 seconds (then multiply by 6 for bpm) Electrodes on skin pick up current and show graphically Used how Determines systolic and diastolic arterial pressure
2.3.e. What is an EKG? 2.3.f. How can an EKG be used in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease? EKGs, or electrocardiographs (“electricity heart pictures”) measure the heart’s electrical activity and display it in the form of a picture: P wavesignal passes from SA node (sinoatrial node) to AV node (atrioventricular node), moving across atria QRS intervalsignal passes from AV node through Purkinje fibers & the ventricles contract T wavethe ventricles repolarize & the heart is relaxed
EKGs are examined for missing, extra or malformed waves. EKGs are taken when heart problems are suspected and can be used in cardiology (“the study of the heart”) to diagnose heart attacks, lack of blood flow to the heart, arrhythmia (“no rhythm”), lack of forcefulness of heart muscle, muscle parts that are too thick or heart parts that are too big, birth defects of the heart, heart valve diseases.
2.3.b. What factors can influence heart rate? Lower heart rate Short-term method Sleeping or relaxing Hydrating yourself Raise heart rate Short-term method Exercising or other rapid movements Being scared or very stressed briefly Drinking caffeine or alcohol
Long term method Exercise Reducing stress Eating fruits, vegetables, nuts, beans & fish
Long term method Being out of shape Increasing stress
***Factors that influence heart rate can be determined by creating a hypothesis (testable prediction) and then testing it out, like we did in class.
2.3.c. What is the relationship between blood pressure and cardiovascular function? A normal blood pressure reading usually indicates a healthy heart, with higher readings indicating that the heart is stressed. It measures the pressure on vessel walls from the movement of blood particles. Top numberSystolicpressure in arteries as the ventricles contract & the chambers emptying (always higher) Bottom numberDiastolicpressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxed & the chambers are filling with blood (always lower)
2.3.d. What factors can influence blood pressure?
According to the Mayo Clinic, the top 10 ways to reduce your blood pressure or prevent hypertension (“extra tension”) are to: 1. Lose extra pounds and watch your waistline 2. Exercise regularly 3. Eat a healthy diet 4. Reduce sodium in your diet 5. Limit the amount of alcohol you drink 6. Avoid tobacco products and secondhand smoke 7. Cut back on caffeine 8. Reduce your stress 9. Monitor your blood pressure at home and make regular doctor's appointments 10. Get support from family and friends http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/highblood-pressure/HI00027 2.4 Blood: The River of Life
2.4.a What is the general composition of human blood? Leukocytes (“white cells”) Thrombocytes (“clotting cells”) Plasma (“former”)
Erythrocytes (“red cells”)
No nucleus, made in bone marrow by stem cells 2.4.b. Why is blood classified as a tissue?
Liquid that carries all cells, as well as hormones, nutrients, salts, etc
Tissues are groups of cells that perform a similar function and have a common origin. Blood transports materials throughout the body and is all made in the bone marrow. The study of tissues is Histology (“tissue study”) and the person who makes slides is a Histology Technician. The removal of tissues from the body is called a Biopsy.
2.4.c
What are the characteristics and function of red blood cells?
7-8 µm wide Flat for increased S.A. Carry oxygen, using hemoglobin (“blood balls”) protein Survive ~ 4 months
2.4.d.
What are the characteristics and functions of white blood cells?
12 -25 µm wide Fight diseases Part of immune system A high count can indicate infection
2.4.e.
What are the characteristics and function of platelets?
Flat and sticky Help blood clot Impaired by Aspirin
2.4.f.
In what ways does blood directly relate to other human body tissues and systems? Immune System Digestive System Urinary System Endocrine
Respiratory System
Picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide at the alveoli
Circulates white blood cells and antibodies to fight disease
Picks up nutrients from the small intestine and carries them to all other body tissues
Carries cellular waste from all the body’s tissues to the kidneys, where it is filtered out and removed in the urine.
Picks up hormones from all the endocrine organs and carries them to all other tissues
2.4.g.
Why are most cells so small? Cells need to MAXIMIZE their surface area in relation to their volume (red blood cells do this by being somewhat flat) In our experiment, the agar cubes represented cells and the sodium hydroxide represented nutrients, oxygen and water. The small cells were penetrated more quickly and effectively than the large cells.
Cells must be small enough that materials coming IN can absorb all the way IN 1. Oxygen 2. Nutrients 3. Water and materials going OUT 4. Carbon dioxide 5. Cellular waste can escape If cells get TOO BIG they’ll either starve to death or drown in their own waste
3.1 What’s in our Food? Study Guide by Hisrich
3.1.a. What are the nutrients identified on food labels? Serving Size—all values below it are for one serving Calories—total energy Total Fat—includes all fats, long term energy source & component of cells, supports brain (should be