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Women were overworked, considered “lowest antebellum worker” and segregated based on gender(Stansell 105). Not only did this work segregate and exploit these women, the outside work system, in particular, reinforced women's reliance on their family as a result of the low wages and forms of labor they did. The system of working individually in their homes made it hard to combat unfair treatment from employers, as they could not come together and unite(Stansell 116). Later when factory work became more popular, inside work, especially those that lacked heavy machinery, women began to experience some freedom(Stansell 120). In this piece, we see an economy run by mass production of textile related…
There is a debate that women around the world in the workforce are exploited more than men. In the essay “Life on the Global Assembly Line” by Barbara Enrenreich and Amrete Fuentes it mentions a woman named Anna in Ciudad Juarez and her struggles as she works in the maquiladoras. She leaves at 4am in the morning to catch the ruteras (a run-down van that squeezes many workers in at one time) to ride from the slum neighborhoods to the industrial parks. This ride may take many hours to arrive to work in the maquiladora and endures horrific working conditions.…
Despite the growth of industry, urban centers, and immigration, America in the 19th century was still very rural. The “Cult of Domesticity” first named and identified in the early part of the century, the beliefs embodied in this “cult” gave women a central role in the family. Women’s god given role, it stated was a wife and mother. Pulling against these “beliefs” was the sense of urgency, movement, and progress in the industrial and political changes affecting the country. Women could not help but see themselves in this growth. Women wanted new options, jobs, education and more. Not many women pursued their dream though because many had little to no support, but that difficulty didn’t stop some women from pursuing their goals. Rosa Cassettari and Luna Kellie were two of the women from the same era that decided to pursue the wishes in order to have a better and prosperous life and be able to provide for their families as best as they could. These two women were great examples of how hard but not impossible it was to gain their own freedom and rights aside of what society believed a women’s role was. Even though the faced many hardships and obstacles these two women found the courage to overcome all the…
Lydia’s Open Door by American Anthropologist Patty Kelly is an intriguing case study about both the hidden and not so hidden aspects of sex work in Chiapas, Mexico. Her book proves the usefulness of ethnographic works where she engages with unconventional ways of knowing in order to determine the complex relationships that help to reproduce gender inequality. Lydia’s Open Door contextualizes prostitution within a political and economic framework revealing how it is impossible to diagnose one without the others. She uses both macro and micro-analysis to deconstruct the variability in how prostitution is practiced, regulated and perceived through space and time. Throughout her ethnography she discusses how globalization and neoliberalism changed the economic climate of Mexico and in turn transformed prostitution into an issue of social hygiene as well as a modern form of exploitation. The retelling of the diverse personal experiences of sex workers in the Zona Galactica, a state regulated brothel, aids in her exploration of how prostitution is constantly being shaped and reshaped by politics, economy, and culture. Through her ethnography it is made clear that explaining prostitution, gender relations, and structural violence is inadequate without deconstructing the complex relationships created by lingering manifestations of repression, violence, and government policy in this region. In this review of Lydia’s Open Door I will first discuss Kelly’s effectiveness in conceptualizing state regulated prostitution as a by-product of neo-liberalism. I will then illustrate the potency of her argument in which she contends that the government regulation of prostitution serves the purpose of further controlling an already marginalized population. Finally I will discuss her strength in advocating for the decriminalization of prostitution all while maintaining a feminist standpoint.…
Tilly, Joan W. Scott and Miriam Cohen, who are disagree with Shorter’s points, and they are stating that his claims have no supportive evidence. They argue that no evidence found to support the point Shorter made about women that they were powerless in traditional families. Instead, there are some evidence that showed the women had power within a family because importance of their roles. They point out that vast majority women did not work in the factories, but in customary women’s jobs. Women did not work because of rebalance or to seek for independence, but to add to the family finances. Woman who worked they add only small amount to the family finances they did not make much money. Tilly, Cohen, and Scott proving different point as to why women sought work. Unlikely Shorter, the explanation they offer why women were employed was because the problem generated from industrialization. Industrialization gave new opportunities for women, it also contribute for young girls were sent out to the cities for work. Even though, young women were sent far from home their independence was very limited. Some countries had nuns, who were placed watching and restraining young women behavior and social lives. Women did not make much money and very poor, female got paid significantly less than male did, and female work was seasonal and irregular. Authors point out that young women were deficient income with unstable jobs…
This article helps to explain the drastic wage difference between men and woman of the 19th century. Even though many woman would work harder and work longer hours they were still paid a low wage. The wage was so low that many woman, in order to pay for their everyday living expense, had to take up prostitution. The article explains how many woman in the night life were able to supplement their income and was normally supported by their own families. Even though the woman had a bad image, it was the belief of the author that these woman were good, loving, and hardworking woman that were just trying to earn a living.…
In this column, “What Happened to Working Women in America?,” the writer, Gail Collins illustrates the reason why there is a need for women to come into the workforce in America, using a satirical, yet earnest tone throughout the piece. Not as many women are in the workforce, because there are very limited opportunities to alleviate the other obligations, such as raising children, that these women face daily throughout America. To cause an increase of women in the working environments, the US needs to give these women opportunities that are beneficial, to grow into people of the…
[This essay details the history of working women in American history. From colonial times through today 's business woman. Goes over the challenges and breakthroughs in roughly each era with references.]…
Nicole Constable, in Maid to Order in Hong Kong: Stories of Migrant Workers describes the physical and psychological lives of those domestic workers in the homes of Chinese in Hong Kong, their attitude towards their own lives and work, and the attitudes of the workers and the Chinese toward one another. Constable’s primary purpose, from a scholarly perspective, is to document the particulars of the lives of these women for others interested in labor relations, cross-cultural attitudes, class differences, and the role of the state in regulating foreign workers. This anthropological and historical study of the lives of Filipino domestic workers in Hong Kong is based on many sources of data. Constable visited organizations that advocate foreign workers, met with staff of some employment agencies, talked to government officials and above all, she led many interviews and conversations with maids. As a support to the oral histories and observations she gathered a lot of archival documents: scientific and popular literature, newspapers, articles, editorials, newsletters and papers.…
Learning about the life, struggles, hopes and dreams of these people allows us to see the human side behind this industry. In Bangladesh, a single mom of three named Arifa works for less than $24 a month and is concerned about having to send her child, Abir, to work to a different country. Timmerman explains that he sees the “sadness in her eyes as they drift to Abir…” (Timmerman 60). Arifa explained that where she lives there aren’t other options for the children. “It is not like in the USA or the UK. They don’t have a choice. I would like them to go to school longer but this isn’t possible.” (Timmerman 60). In Cambodia, Nari, a garment worker, had to spend fifty dollars just to bribe a man in order to land a factory job. This man is known as a “labor shark” and he uses his position to take advantage of individuals like Nari who need a job. “Fifty dollars is a month’s wage for Nari and it took her three months to pay him” (Timmerman 122). Furthermore, in China, Dewan and Zu Chun not only have no time off from work for holidays or vacation but…
Filipina workers can maintain their families in their home country, as well as themselves with a minimum wage domestic service job in the United States. Also with this wage, women are able to hire a caretaker to replace her role in their homeland. Parreñas utilizes the term contradictory class mobility and explains how “First, they perform domestic work under the fantasy of reversal; in other words, they dream of eventually returning to the Philippines to be served by their own domestic workers” (120). The status of domestic labor has been defined as an extremely low-wage job within the global market. Parreñas has used the term contradictory class mobility to showcase the contradictions domestic laborers undergo as their class status and financial status are greatly impacted when working abroad. The United States along with other imperialistic forces have created a global need for domestic laborers, which creates this type of labor as a norm. Although domestic laborers are being exploited, it has been deemed normal for them to hire a domestic laborer to take care of their family, which further expands the global need for domestic…
Feminisation of labour is a marker given to the movement towards greater employment of women, and of men willing and able to operate with these more 'feminine ' modes of interaction (“Feminization of Labor Law and Definition”). The last few decades have witnessed an increase in the employment of women in most developing countries, despite the discrimination in wages and earnings. The changes brought about may be partly due to an improvement in the socioeconomic status of the population, such as the level of education of women along with the greater demand for both male and female labour in the workforce. In spite of the availability of new opportunities in high flexibility labour markets, I argue that the feminisation of labour brings more detriment than benefit to women in most developing countries.…
The conditions faced by domestic workers have varied considerably throughout history and in the contemporary world. In the course of twentieth-century movements for labour rights, women's rights and immigrant rights, the conditions faced by domestic workers and the problems specific to their class of employment have come to the fore.…
Unfortunately though, these initiatives are just not going to be enough. The reforms promised by the government treat the symptoms rather than addressing the root cause of the problem. To truly make headway on the issue of housemaid exploitation, fundamental changes in how labor is regulated must occur - on both sides of the Arabian Sea. The problems facing migrant housemaids start in their home countries, with a recruitment process that is rife with abuse. According to Human Rights Watch, women are lured to the Gulf with false promises about the salaries they will be earning, the countries they will work in, and the work conditions involved.…
natory practices and assumptions (Baunach 2002; Nelson and Bridges 1999; Reskin 1993). But for reproducing an institutionalized gender division of labor, and devaluing women’s work, the labor market is still no match for the “gender factory” of the married-couple family (Berk 1985). This article explores the effect of women’s labor moving into the paid market on the overall gender segregation of work and therefore on the changing nature of gender inequality. The gender division of labor is a central feature of gender inequality, both in its economic aspects and in the social construction of gender identities (Huber 1991; Lorber 1994). As Chafetz…