Neurologic Diseases
PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS
CEREBRAL PALSY * A comprehensive diagnostic term used to designate a group of nonprogressive disorders resulting from malfunction of the motor centers and pathways of the brain. * It is genrally characterized by paralysis, weakness, incoordination, or ataxia.
Pathophysiology and Etiology
* Prenatal Factors (Most Common) 1. Infection (rubella, toxoplasmosis, herpes simplex, and cytomegalovirus) 2. Maternal anoxia, anemia, placental infarcts, abruptio placentae, malNx. 3. Prenatal cerebral hemorrhage, maternal bleeding, maternal toxemia, Rh or ABO incompatibility 4. Prenatal anoxia, twisting or kinking of the cord 5. Genetic factors 6. Miscellaneous – toxins, drugs, radiation
* Perinatal Factors 1. Anoxia from any cause a. Anesthetic and analgesic drugs administered during labor b. Prolonged labor (dec O2) c. Placental previa or abruptio placentae d. Respiratory obstruction 2. Cerebral trauma during delivery 3. Complications of birth a. “Small for date” babies, prematurity, immaturity, postmaturity, low birth weight (especially <1,500 g) b. Hyperbilirubinemia c. Hemolytic disorders d. Respiratory distress e. Infections f. Electrolyte disturbances (hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia)
* Postnatal Factors 1. Head trauma 2. Infections a. Meningitis b. Encephalitis c. Brain abscess 3. Vascular accidents 4. Anoxia/ erythroblastosis fetalis 5. Neoplastic and late neurodevelopmental defects
Types of Cerebral Palsy
1. Spastic Type – defect in the cortical motor area or pyramidal tract causes abnormally strong tonus of certain muscle groups a. Hyperactive DTR, increased stretched reflexes, rapid clonus, muscle weakness, underdevelopment of affected limbs, muscle contraction in response to manipulation b. Tendency toward contractures c. With a scissors gait
2. Dyskinetic Type/ Athetoid –
CEREBRAL PALSY * A comprehensive diagnostic term used to designate a group of nonprogressive disorders resulting from malfunction of the motor centers and pathways of the brain. * It is genrally characterized by paralysis, weakness, incoordination, or ataxia.
Pathophysiology and Etiology
* Prenatal Factors (Most Common) 1. Infection (rubella, toxoplasmosis, herpes simplex, and cytomegalovirus) 2. Maternal anoxia, anemia, placental infarcts, abruptio placentae, malNx. 3. Prenatal cerebral hemorrhage, maternal bleeding, maternal toxemia, Rh or ABO incompatibility 4. Prenatal anoxia, twisting or kinking of the cord 5. Genetic factors 6. Miscellaneous – toxins, drugs, radiation
* Perinatal Factors 1. Anoxia from any cause a. Anesthetic and analgesic drugs administered during labor b. Prolonged labor (dec O2) c. Placental previa or abruptio placentae d. Respiratory obstruction 2. Cerebral trauma during delivery 3. Complications of birth a. “Small for date” babies, prematurity, immaturity, postmaturity, low birth weight (especially <1,500 g) b. Hyperbilirubinemia c. Hemolytic disorders d. Respiratory distress e. Infections f. Electrolyte disturbances (hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia)
* Postnatal Factors 1. Head trauma 2. Infections a. Meningitis b. Encephalitis c. Brain abscess 3. Vascular accidents 4. Anoxia/ erythroblastosis fetalis 5. Neoplastic and late neurodevelopmental defects
Types of Cerebral Palsy
1. Spastic Type – defect in the cortical motor area or pyramidal tract causes abnormally strong tonus of certain muscle groups a. Hyperactive DTR, increased stretched reflexes, rapid clonus, muscle weakness, underdevelopment of affected limbs, muscle contraction in response to manipulation b. Tendency toward contractures c. With a scissors gait
2. Dyskinetic Type/ Athetoid –