Nt1310 Unit 3 Review Essay
Chapter 3 review components of a neuron (i.e., dendrites, axons, terminal buttons)
dendrites
A branched fiber that extends outward from the main cell body and carries information into the neuron. axon In a nerve cell, an extended fiber that conducts information from the soma to the terminal buttons. Information travels along the axon in the form of an electric charge called the action potential. terminal buttons
Tiny bulblike structures at the end of the axon, which contain neurotransmitters that carry the neuron's message into the synapse.
action potential vs. resting potential action potential
The nerve impulse caused by a charge in the electrical charge across the cell membrane of the axon. When the neuron "fires", this charge …show more content…
travels down the axon and causes neurotransmitters to be released by the terminal buttons. resting potential
The electrical charge of the axon in its inactive state, when the neuron is ready to "fire". absolute refractory period
Absolute Refractory Period
The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.
Synapse
Synapse
A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another.
order of synaptic transmission (how it communicates throughout the neuron)
1. Synaptic vesicles- Sacs in terminal buttons that release chemicals into synaptic space
2. Neurotransmitters- chemicals released by synaptic transmission
Transmits info from one neuron to the next
3. Receptor sites- location on receptor neuron for specific neurotransmitters. neurotransmitters: Acetychloline (ACHh)
-Released by motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles.
-Contributes to the regulation of attention, arousal, and memory.
-Loss of ach producing cells is linked to Alzheimer’s disease
*Some receptors are stimulated by Nicotine (agonist)
Serotonin
-Involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggression.
-Low Serotonin= depression
-found throughout the brain
Dopamine (DA)
-Contributes to control of voluntary movement and pleasurable emotions.
-plays role in learning, memory & emotions
-involved in pleasurable emotions
-Excess of dopamine- correlated with schizophrenia
GABA
-Serves as widely distributed inhibitory transmitter.
-Plays role of expression of seizures
-allows communication to go quicker
Norepineeohrine (NE)
-Contributes to modulation of mood and arousal.
-LOWER LEVELS OF ALL 3 NEUROTRANSMITTERS HAVE HIGHER RATES OF AGGRESSION
Endorphins
-Resemble opiate drugs in structure and effects.
-Contribute to pain relief and to some pleasurable emotions.
-Morphine- agonist
Difference with Somatic and Autonomic nervous system (Peripheral )
Somatic Nervous System
Made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors.
-Consists of neurons that communicate between the body and the brain
Peripheral Nervous System
Made up of all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord.
Difference between afferent and efferent neurons (Somatic Nervous System)
Efferent Neurons
-Motor neurons
-Neurons that carry messages from the spinal cord or brain to muscles and glands
Afferent Nerve Fibers
-Neurons that carry messages from sense organs to spinal cord
-Sensory neurons
Difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic system (Autonomic Nervous System)
Parasympathetic Decision
Branch of the Autonomic nervous system that conserve bodily resources.
Sympathetic Division
Branch of the Autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources for
emergencies.
Parts of the Brain - What they do and where they are located:
Thalamus
Forebrain
All sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex.
Hypothalamus
Forebrain
-Influences motivated behavior
-Regulates basic biological needs ‘ -Hunger, thirst, body temperature
-4 F’s -"fighting, fleeing, feeding, and mating"
Hippocampus
Limbic System
Forebrain
-involved in the formation of new memories and is also associated with learning and emotions.
Cerebellum
Hindbrain
-Structure that coordinates fine muscle balance and equilibrium.
Medulla
Hindbrain
-Controls largely unconscious actions -Circulating blood, breathing, maintaining muscle tone, sneezing and coughing.
-
Pons
Hind Brain
Sleep and arousal
Reticular Formation Pons
Midbrain
-Contributes to the modulation of muscle reflexes, breathing, and pain perception.
(best known for sleep and arousal)
Corpus callosum
-Structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.
Four lobes and what they do (frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal)
Occipital Lobe
Primary visual cortex.
Parietal Lobe
Primary somatosensory Cortex
(touch)
Temporal Lobe
Primary Auditory Cortex
Frontal Lobe
Primary Motor Cortex
(movement of muscles) Broca and Wernicke areas (Left part of the brain)
Broca’s Area
Left frontal lobe
Ability to understand and make grammatically complex sentences
Broca’s aphasia – Problem producing speech but were able to understand it
Wernicke’s Area
Left posterior temporal
Language comprehension
Wernicke’s aphasia – patients could produce speech but couldn’t understand it
Difference between Right brain and left brain dominance
Right hemisphere- dumb or non-dominant
Endocrine system
Endocrine System
Consists of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning.
Pituitary glands
Pituitary Gland
Releases a great variety of hormones that fan out around the body, simulating action in the other glands.
"Master gland"
Adrenal glands
Adrenal glands
Secretes hormones in reaction to stress
Gonads
Gonads
Ovaries and testes secrete estrogens and androgens
Twin studies vs. adoption studies vs. family studies
Twin Studies
Researchers assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of identical twins to Faternal twins.
Family Studies
Researchers assess hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another.
Twin Studies
Researchers assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of identical twins to Fraternal twins.
Heterozygous and homozygous genetics
Heterozygous
The two genes in a specific pair are different.
Homozygous
The two genes in a specific pair are the same.
Schizophrenia- more of a genetic influence or environmental influence ???? -Genetic
dendrites
A branched fiber that extends outward from the main cell body and carries information into the neuron. axon In a nerve cell, an extended fiber that conducts information from the soma to the terminal buttons. Information travels along the axon in the form of an electric charge called the action potential. terminal buttons
Tiny bulblike structures at the end of the axon, which contain neurotransmitters that carry the neuron's message into the synapse.
action potential vs. resting potential action potential
The nerve impulse caused by a charge in the electrical charge across the cell membrane of the axon. When the neuron "fires", this charge …show more content…
travels down the axon and causes neurotransmitters to be released by the terminal buttons. resting potential
The electrical charge of the axon in its inactive state, when the neuron is ready to "fire". absolute refractory period
Absolute Refractory Period
The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.
Synapse
Synapse
A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another.
order of synaptic transmission (how it communicates throughout the neuron)
1. Synaptic vesicles- Sacs in terminal buttons that release chemicals into synaptic space
2. Neurotransmitters- chemicals released by synaptic transmission
Transmits info from one neuron to the next
3. Receptor sites- location on receptor neuron for specific neurotransmitters. neurotransmitters: Acetychloline (ACHh)
-Released by motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles.
-Contributes to the regulation of attention, arousal, and memory.
-Loss of ach producing cells is linked to Alzheimer’s disease
*Some receptors are stimulated by Nicotine (agonist)
Serotonin
-Involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggression.
-Low Serotonin= depression
-found throughout the brain
Dopamine (DA)
-Contributes to control of voluntary movement and pleasurable emotions.
-plays role in learning, memory & emotions
-involved in pleasurable emotions
-Excess of dopamine- correlated with schizophrenia
GABA
-Serves as widely distributed inhibitory transmitter.
-Plays role of expression of seizures
-allows communication to go quicker
Norepineeohrine (NE)
-Contributes to modulation of mood and arousal.
-LOWER LEVELS OF ALL 3 NEUROTRANSMITTERS HAVE HIGHER RATES OF AGGRESSION
Endorphins
-Resemble opiate drugs in structure and effects.
-Contribute to pain relief and to some pleasurable emotions.
-Morphine- agonist
Difference with Somatic and Autonomic nervous system (Peripheral )
Somatic Nervous System
Made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors.
-Consists of neurons that communicate between the body and the brain
Peripheral Nervous System
Made up of all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord.
Difference between afferent and efferent neurons (Somatic Nervous System)
Efferent Neurons
-Motor neurons
-Neurons that carry messages from the spinal cord or brain to muscles and glands
Afferent Nerve Fibers
-Neurons that carry messages from sense organs to spinal cord
-Sensory neurons
Difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic system (Autonomic Nervous System)
Parasympathetic Decision
Branch of the Autonomic nervous system that conserve bodily resources.
Sympathetic Division
Branch of the Autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources for
emergencies.
Parts of the Brain - What they do and where they are located:
Thalamus
Forebrain
All sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex.
Hypothalamus
Forebrain
-Influences motivated behavior
-Regulates basic biological needs ‘ -Hunger, thirst, body temperature
-4 F’s -"fighting, fleeing, feeding, and mating"
Hippocampus
Limbic System
Forebrain
-involved in the formation of new memories and is also associated with learning and emotions.
Cerebellum
Hindbrain
-Structure that coordinates fine muscle balance and equilibrium.
Medulla
Hindbrain
-Controls largely unconscious actions -Circulating blood, breathing, maintaining muscle tone, sneezing and coughing.
-
Pons
Hind Brain
Sleep and arousal
Reticular Formation Pons
Midbrain
-Contributes to the modulation of muscle reflexes, breathing, and pain perception.
(best known for sleep and arousal)
Corpus callosum
-Structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.
Four lobes and what they do (frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal)
Occipital Lobe
Primary visual cortex.
Parietal Lobe
Primary somatosensory Cortex
(touch)
Temporal Lobe
Primary Auditory Cortex
Frontal Lobe
Primary Motor Cortex
(movement of muscles) Broca and Wernicke areas (Left part of the brain)
Broca’s Area
Left frontal lobe
Ability to understand and make grammatically complex sentences
Broca’s aphasia – Problem producing speech but were able to understand it
Wernicke’s Area
Left posterior temporal
Language comprehension
Wernicke’s aphasia – patients could produce speech but couldn’t understand it
Difference between Right brain and left brain dominance
Right hemisphere- dumb or non-dominant
Endocrine system
Endocrine System
Consists of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning.
Pituitary glands
Pituitary Gland
Releases a great variety of hormones that fan out around the body, simulating action in the other glands.
"Master gland"
Adrenal glands
Adrenal glands
Secretes hormones in reaction to stress
Gonads
Gonads
Ovaries and testes secrete estrogens and androgens
Twin studies vs. adoption studies vs. family studies
Twin Studies
Researchers assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of identical twins to Faternal twins.
Family Studies
Researchers assess hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another.
Twin Studies
Researchers assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of identical twins to Fraternal twins.
Heterozygous and homozygous genetics
Heterozygous
The two genes in a specific pair are different.
Homozygous
The two genes in a specific pair are the same.
Schizophrenia- more of a genetic influence or environmental influence ???? -Genetic