Nuclear Doctrine:

Nuclear doctrine:
Doctrine is Latin word Doctrnia--- thought or advocate
Doctrine is a set of principles formulated and applied for a specific purpose working towards a desired goal or aim
A Nuclear doctrine consists of a set of principles, rules and instructions for the employment or non-employment of nuclear weapons and other systems associated with these weapons.
Dimensions:
1. It is not permanent and change according to military and political situation of the country
2. Change according to military and political situation of a state
3. Existing policy of government and foreign relation
4. The attitude of the head of state
Doctrine of US:
US was the first country to attain nuclear capabilities and pioneer of nuclear weapons in the world
12 March 1947 Truman presented nuclear doctrine and policy was to communism containment
Free people
Change in US policy during Berlin crisis in 1948
US started making atomic weapons in 1939
In 1942 this program was transformed to US army. 16 August 1945 US developed nuclear weapons
6 August atomic bomb named Little boy was dropped in Japan and 25 million civilians affected
27 June 1948 strategic air command was started to cut off the German supplies due to interference of USSR in the supply to West Berlin
England NSC in September made nuclear development change and US said we do not want nuclear war in the world.
Policy of massive retaliation:
• Next development of US nuclear doctrine was the event of USSR nuclear explosions
• This development lead to US to increase nuclear capabilities
• Long scale strikes on the USSR cities in a case of war
• US developed striking first policy in case of war
Nuclear doctrine:
Assured destruction and damage limitation
This doctrine was presented by secretary of defence Ma followed by Candy
This doctrine also called as (No City Doctrine)
This means that in the case of nuclear war US will not hit USSR cities if they do not hit US cities
Limited nuclear assured and counter recovery targeting 1974-1980
Nixon was in power and examined the previous nuclear doctrine
The developed CBMs
USSR reduced arms Race
SALT-1 1972=CBM developed 127 meetings to reduce arms race
SALT-2 1979 war of threat to be minimized to US from USSR
James Doctrine: (Defence Secretary)
1. NATO will use modern weapons if conventional weapons failed and will provide appropriate response to USSR nuclear attacks.
2. This doctrine was that assured destruction of USSR economic recovery capabilities
3. The ability to destroy urban, industrial targets was indespensible
Carter’s Counter veiling Strategy and Regon refinements 1980-1987
Harold Brown
1. This doctrine aroused after analysing the USSR nuclear program
2. The document set a target for the nuclear attack, it include leadership of USSR military and industrial installations
3. The second change of nuclear policy was shaped of development CBMs at that time it was USSR got lead on the developing nuclear weapons
4. The third important change was destruction of USSR in the case of war those industries which are responsible for prolongation of war will be destroyed
US post-cold war nuclear doctrine 1997 was related to Reagon Administration
1. Nuclear weapons would be declined rapidly
2. Warhead and stockpiles no number less than 8000 and came to 1972 level
3. Delivery system was to be reduces
1997 Clinton Administration:
In 1997 nuclear policy was declared
1. This period will be deterrent only
2. US do not want aggression against any state with atomic weapons
3. The number of weapons was used to the level of deterrence need
Obama Nuclear Doctrine: 6 April 2010
1. The role of nuclear weapons in US is a defence strategy
2. It also declares that US will not use its nuclear weapons against non-nuclear sates
3. It also promise that US will continue to reduce the role of nuclear weapons in detaining a nuclear attack
4. The limited condition for the nuclear strike, the President will make and exception for state such as Iran, North Korea which have violated the NPT
Information:
Smiling Budha 1998, Shakti nuclear program
Indian Nuclear Doctrine:
India achieved nuclear technology in 1974 named Shimla Budha action for peaceful and domestic.
Indian nuclear explosions in 1998 named as Shakti, and became nuclear power in South Asia
Same month Pakistan explosions of atomic bomb and India was not happy on that
17 August two documents were issued related to nuclear program
Nuclear command authority:
How to manage the composition of nuclear weapons like storage, delivering and controlling
Political council:
Chaired by PM and other ministers of cabinet representation of civilian leadership is the highest authority of decision making
Executive Council:
• Headed by national security advisor
• Members of executive council
• Chairman joint integration services
• The governors of the national security advisory board
• Secretaries of ministries in the cabinet committee on security
• The head of the intelligence services Main points of nuclear doctrine of India:
• Capability consists of land based and air based
• India only committed to no first use but it also makes efforts to pursue other countries possessing nuclear weapons to join an international treaty banning first use.
• India will never use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear weapons state and the states which are not aligned with the nuclear weapon state
• In the case of major attack against India or Indian forces anywhere by biological or chemical weapons
• India has retained the option of retaliation with nuclear weapons
• Retaliation to first nuclear attack on India and its forces shall in punishment retaliation which will be massive with nuclear weapons to inflict, damage, unacceptable to the aggressor
Pakistan Nuclear Doctrine:
………………..
Disarmament: Arms Control:
It means a plan or a system for the limitation, reduction of arms forces including their arms and equipment’s and other related items like, military bases and budgets.
Arms control:
Means cooperative or multilateral approach to the armament policy, where armament policy including amounts and kinds of weapons forces development and utilization in the period of relaxation and tension. It aims at improving national security by the adjustment of arms capabilities.
1898 systematic efforts towards disarmament, meet in Hague, Scheme was reduction of arms and proposal: to reduce arms race.
Hague peace conference attended by 28 states
Committee: includes military and naval experts
Objective: to study the problems of armament
1907 Hague conference: For the reduction of arms and expenditures. Issues of for the reduction of arms and expenditures on military forces discussed. This conference failed to achieve its objectives
Disarmament after WW-1:
Temporary mixed commission in 1920 in the league assembly and civilian participated, it effort for four years and discussed two policies or points.
1. To secure disarmament through fixation of land forces of the various countries
2. According to their national needs and limited the naval armament of the great naval powers.
NOTE: There points fully failed
Geneva conference 1925
In 1925 another commission formed known as preparatory commission represented the concerning questions about disarmament and made a draft of them. Six years were taken and drafted a “Treaty of Draft”
1932 Geneva conference considered it and spends two yeas discussion of concerning questions.
1933 Germany withdrew.
Efforts outside the League:
1921-1922 in Washington 5 major powers worked for disarmament.
1927 another Geneva conference by major powers, Italy, France did not participated in the conference.
1921-1935: 26 Conferences held outside the league and all failed to achieve objectives.
Disarmament after WW-2:
Atomic energy commission was established
In 1946 a draft was presented in General Assembly by the commission
Recommendations by different countries:
1. Extending between all nations the exchange of basis scientific information for peaceful
2. Control of atomic energy to the extent necessary t ensure its use only for peaceful purpose
3. Reduction of national armament of atomic weapons and of all other major weapons adaptable to mass destructions
4. Effective safeguards by way of inspection and other means to protect complain states against the danger of violation
Mr Baruch Points:
1. Ownership of all atomic energy activities potentially dangerous to worlds security
2. Power to control
3. Inspect and licence all other atomic activities
4. Beneficial use of atomic energy
5. Research development of responsibilities of an affirmative nature
Commission on conventional armament:
Feb 1947
3 March 1947 report presented
24 March 1947 1st meeting held
12 August 1948 a resolution was made by commission
Salient features:
1. A system for the regulation and reduction of armament of all the states initially only having substantial military resources.
2. Measures for reduction of armament to encourage further regulation and reduction
3. Establishment of an adequate system of international control of atomic energy.
4. Regulation and reduction of armament to make possible the at least diversion for armament the world, human and economic resources for the maintenance of international peace.
(NOTE: This was opposed by USSR and USSR gave her own report)
Soviet Union gave a new policy; the permanent member of Security Council to reach their naval and air force. 1/3rd for 1st year and establishment of control body within a framework of Security Council to supervise the reductions of armament and prevent of atomic weapons
Atom for peace plan 1953:
Eison hover president, a new plan for peace full use of atom. He suggested the establishment of an international rule of feasible material to be used for peace full purpose. It was turned down by USSR.
Agnlo-French plan 1954: Britain and France
Features:
1. A control organ was to be set of and military expenses and manpower of the member to be frozen at specific level
2. The establishment of control organ reduction armed forces and nuclear weapons was also to be stopped
3. Reduction of total prevention of nuclear weapons
Soviet proposal May 1955:
Will work for reduction and rejected the proposal
Geneva Summit and open Skies plan 1955 July:
It is a reaction of Soviet proposal. France, USA, UK, USSR met in Geneva the head of the states and disarmament problem discussed. Under this plan both US and USSR were to exchange military information which be verified by mutual recommendations
Soviet reaction:
1. Regarding exchange of military information which will be military bases and prevention of atomic armament accepted
2. All actions in this regard should be subject to Security Council discussion and veto of the permanent member of Security Council.
6 point plan 1957 of US:
Henry cabot lodge in General Assembly,
1. To take steps towards, arms, reduction
2. Subject to adequate inspection
3. To check a large stockpile of nuclear weapons and nuclear the further nuclear threats
Nuclear test ban October 1958:
After 1961 discussion presented US and USSR agreed to suspend the earth atmosphere. (violation from USSR and explosion) result NTB failed
10 nation disarmament conference 1960:
Western bloc and soviet bloc, France, Canada, UK, US, Italy is western bloc
USSR, Rumania, Poland, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria
Soviet proposal: Soviet was willing to prevention of atomic weapons and even offered to destroy the atomic and hydrogen bomb.
Western bloc: a four year plan of complete disarmament spread over three phases
15-March 1960 US started working on proposal given in 10 Nation disarmament conferences, No fruitful result
18-Nation disarmament conference in 1962 in Geneva: 18 nations did not participated, neutral states participated
US proposal: To cut off of 30 % in a nuclear delivery and major conventional armament within a 3 years and ban on the nuclear production
Soviet insisted on general and complete disarmament within a four years under the strict international control.
1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty:
President Candy
1963 August Moscow: Prevention the state from carrying out any nuclear weapons test explosion at any place under their jurisdiction
1964 China explosion
7 Point Plan 1966:
Johnson in Geneva presented in conference. This is called for a treaty to halt the spread of nuclear weapons to non-nuclear country and demanded international peace. It gave a call for freezing all offensive and defensive strategic bombers and missiles designed to carry nuclear weapons.
Conference of non-Nuclear Weapon states 1968: August-September Geneva conference and 96 states participated.
14 resolution and declaration adopted about the disarmament.
Objective:
1. Security of non-Nuclear weapons states
2. Establishment of nuclear weapons free zone
3. Effective measure for prevention of proliferation of nuclear weapons and peaceful use of nuclear energy.
Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968:
London, Moscow and Washington conference halt, on 5th March 1970 came in front
Preventing the transfer by Nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or control over them
SALT 1972: Four years negotiation, 1978 signed the treaty, 127 meetings for held.
US-Soviet Accord 1973:
To obtain nuclear advantages would be in consistent with peaceful relation between two countries.
US-Soviet Arms Pact 1974:
In July an effort to disarmament and 10 years pact signed
1. Offensive nuclear weapon limitation
2. Stop all underground test more than 150 km
3. New limitation of missile defensive system was agreed by the countries
Peaceful Nuclear Explosion Treaty: 1976
28-May US, USSR signed the treaty; it could not come into force due to US Senate no-ratification
SALT 1979:
After Long negotiation in 1st June 1979 signed
1. To limit the strategy offensive weapons for period up to 31 December 1985
2. Concluding this treaty both parts was affirm their design to take further measure for further limitation and reduction of strategy arms with view to achieve a general and complete disarmament.
Reagan:
May 1986 US would no longer be bound to SALT 2
19 June 1986 head of representative of US calling upon President Reagan to stick to the limit set by SALT 2. Senate amended through defence department. Senate called upon the president to owner SALT 2 limits.
Efforts by UN General Assembly 1981:
To check nuclear weapons + chemical weapons as well as to promote disarmament
INF task at Geneva 1981, 30 November 1981 US and Soviet Union negotiation. Talks on international range missile
3rd February 1998: Both the side should reduce their medium range nuclear weapons by 2/3rd by 1990, Reagan Rejected
9-February 1982:
Soviet Union proposals and U.S rejected
31rd March 1982 Reagan: I want agreement on strategic nuclear weapon that reduce the risk of war level of armament and enhance global security. We can accept no less.
1982 General efforts:
1. Prevention of test explosion of nuclear weapons including underground nuclear proliferation test and called conclusion of comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty.
2. Negotiation for prevention of nuclear arms race and nuclear war.
3. Free zone nuclear weapons by a nuclear weapon state.
4. Establishment of nuclear weapon force free zone in Middle East and South Asia and implementation of declaration of the Indian Ocean as a free zone of peace.
5. Conclusion of an international convention for strengthening security of nuclear weapons
6. An agreement on the new types of weapons of mass destruction.
Initiative by Indian and Non-aligned countries 1984:
6 nation summit 1985 Delhi:
28 January 1985, President of Argentina, PM of Greek, PM of Sweden, President of Tunis, President of Mexico, Rajive Ghandi of India
1. This summit appealed to the nuclear power to halt and reverse the nuclear arms race
2. To halt the testing of all kinds of nuclear weapons.
3. Need of strengthening of the UN system and division of expenditure from arms to development.
Deterrence:
Deterrence is the use of threat to induce an opponent to act in desirable way. Deterrence is a concept or a preventive strategy.
Elements of deterrence:
Capability: Capability may be understood as the totality of possession of military resources that can make the threats of military retaliation plausible.
Credibility:
Credibility is defined as the belief of the target that the actor is willing to military defend its declared position
Communication:
The actor’s ability to send a clear message to the potential aggressor that the actor is the most only capable but also willing to defend the declared position
Kinds of deterrence:
1. Conventional:
Conventional deterrence is associated with conventional weapons and conventional capabilities messaging and communication

2. Nuclear deterrence:
Nuclear deterrence is associated with nuclear strategy. It is a product of nuclear age
3. Mutual deterrence:
This type of deterrence is also known as deterrence to associate with reprisals and counter revengeful action of the opposite actors.
4. Titular deterrence:
Titular deterrence may be defined as insignificant deterrence. It is psychological rather than military capability
5. Effective deterrence
This type of deterrence is associated with clear cut nuclear superiority
6. Formal deterrence:
This type of deterrence is associated with anticipatory self-defence.
7. Extended deterrence :
This type of deterrence is associated with allies like CENTO, CETO. It is a gift of alliance. Used only in cold war, it is also friction based.