Attributions are the causal judgments about why the event or behavior occurred. These attributions can be either internal (made about a person’s characteristics, e.g. personality) or external (made about a person’s situation e.g. weather). One type of the attribution theory that helps us to determine the “why” in behavior is the Kelley’s Covariation Model of Attribution (Kelley, 1967). In this model, behaviour is analyzed to see how well it is correlated either internal or external factors or a combination of both. When making attributions using the Kelley’s covariation there are three criteria in which the attributions are based on: consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency. Consensus criterion is whether the behavior is correlated with the situation or in other terms whether different people do this behavior in the same situation. Distinctiveness refers to the correlation between behaviour and the individual specifically how unique the behavior is to that particular situation. Last out of the three is consistency which looks at how behavior is correlated with both the person and the situation that is, is the behavior is the same towards the…
Attribution theory: an attempt when individuals observe behavior to determine whether it is internally or externally caused…
Attribution theory describes how causes are attributed to past events. This may be dispositional (attributed to a person) or situational. In a single instance of an outcome, correspondent inference theory suggests diagnosis is based on choice, expectations and intent. Expected, freely chosen behaviour is considered to be dispositional, whereas unexpected, forced behaviour is attributed to situation. Attributing intent is simplest when considering behaviour with only one positive effect. When an outcome occurs numerous times, covariation theory describes possible cause attribution. This involves looking at cases where the suspected cause is present/absent and matching them to instances where the outcome is present/absent, utilising information on consensus (how others behave), distinctiveness (how the individual behaves in different circumstances) and consistency (how the individual has behaved in similar circumstances). Consistency should be high to make a good attribution judgement. When consensus and distinctiveness are also high, the attribution is likely to be situational whereas if consensus and distinctiveness are low, a dispositional attribution is likely.…
Behavioral perspective Vs. Psychoanalytical perspective, two views about human behavior and human dynamics that are on almost opposite sides of the psychological spectrum. John Watson and B. F. Skinner are the founding fathers of the behavioral perspective and Sigmund Freud is the founder of the Psychoanalytic perspective. Freud's theory dealt mostly with the idea that our unconscious influences who and how we are and act today. Watson and Skinner's theory dealt with behavior being formed and modified by the environment around us. This paper delves deeper into these two perspectives and how they may or may not be actualized. I will attempt to dissuade Freud's theory of the unconscious influences and boast Watson and Skinners theory of the environment affecting us.…
Attribution theory is concerned with how individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behaviour. Attribution theory assumes that people try to determine why people do what they do. When we (the observer) try to understand why another person (the actor) did something, we can either attribute one or more causes to that behaviour, internal/dispositional -the inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character or personality. Or; external/situational - the inference that a person is…
Describe the difference between personal and situational attributions in explaining behavior. What is the Fundamental Attribution Error, and how is it related to these types of attributions?…
An observational analysis was conducted to observe the effectiveness of warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation after the patients had ischemic strokes. In the article “Real World Effectiveness of Warfarin Among Ischemic Stroke Patients with Atrial Fibrillation,” 12,552 patients were observed for one year after being admitted to the hospital for acute ischemic stroke and discharged with a diagnosis of persistent or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. These observations were made between January 2009 and December 2011. The patients were divided into two separate groups for comparison during the study: patients taking warfarin and patients not treated with any anticoagulants. Patients that were unable to take anticoagulants were excluded…
Why did the person’s behavior change? Why do they act like they do? There are four significant ways that help to determine the reason or cause of problem behavior. The initial three approaches are natural causality, psychodynamic causality, and psychological causality (Kanwischer & Mehr, 2011). These three approaches come under the Intrapersonal aspect.…
Attribution theory is concerned with how individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behaviour. Heider (1958) was the first to propose a psychological theory of attribution, but Weiner and colleagues (e.g., Jones et al, 1972; Weiner, 1974, 1986) developed a theoretical framework that has become a major research paradigm of social psychology…
14. Fundamental attribution error: a bias toward overattributing the behavior of others to internal causes…
Venture Capitalists – They screen companies with good business ideas from bad ones and provide capital to the start-ups with good business ideas. The required return on capital for VCs is very high to compensate the shareholders for the higher risk in investing in new businesses, and this is achieved when VCs sell their stake in the business through IPOs or trade sale. Thus, VCs will work to ensure the business is sound so that it will fetch the highest possible price when going public.…
The attribution theory attempts to explain how we attach meaning to either our behavior or other people’s behavior. As explained by Malle (2011), the attribution theory examines how the social observer uses certain tiding to arrive at contributory clarifications for certain events. Attribution theory, therefore, is keen on examining how information is gathered and shared to shape a causal ruling. The first proponent of this theory, Heider believed that individuals are naïve psychologists who try to make sense out of the world around them. This theory was later taken up by various…
Individuals whom possess an unambiguous perception are extremely likely to foster this bias of fundamental attribution error. For instance, one’s early assumptions of a quiet person he or she met at a family festivity may emulate an unfavorable first impression. In fact, others in attendance may ostracize the individual based on his or her behavior. However, in this case, the person was informed of a family tragedy prior to arriving at the event. Naturally, an event of such magnitude would alter a person's behavior in a social setting. After examining the situation, one may conclude a different perspective of the individual’s behavior; hence a non-descriptive trait. In addition to obedience in authority and fundamental attribution error, a self-serving bias is also a factor, which shapes an individual’s personal…
Define the concept of attribution. What is the difference between an internal and an external attribution?…
Intro: traditional studies of individual differences have been treated separately but contemporary theories have integrated approaches to explain behaviour and recent research has developed a more sophisticated concept that both internal (people) and external (situations) are important.…