2.0 Chemical BackgroundBiodiesel comprises long-chain fatty acids with an alcohol attached on it and produced through the reaction of a vegetable oil with alcohol in the presence of the catalyst, such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide called transesterification (Hafman, 2003). The catalyst used to hydrolysis the triglyceride, and alcohols combine with the fatty acid to produce biodiesel (Gorham, 2006). After a complete reaction, the glycerol and ester form two liquid layers and catalyst is removed for reuse.…
Biofuels are made from the starch or oil portion of plant materials. Some are even made from the fats of animals. In general, ethanol is the fermented starch fuel and biodiesel is the refined oil and fats. Biofuels are important PART of the solution to declining and ever more expensive petroleum supplies. Biofuels can be used together with technologies such as hybrid vehicles and plug-in vehicles. The Chevy Volt is announced to be a plug-in vehicle with a small Flex Fuel Vehicle engine to charge the batteries. Even the new Cadillac Escalade hybrid has been announced as a Flex Fuel Vehicle.…
Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel. Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines and is thus distinct from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel engines. Biodiesel can be used alone, or blended with petro diesel. Biodiesel has better lubricating properties and much higher octane ratings than today's lower sulfur diesel fuels. Biodiesel addition reduces fuel system wear, and in low levels in high pressure systems increases the life of the fuel injection equipment that relies on the fuel for its lubrication. Depending on the engine, this might include high pressure injection pumps, pump injectors and fuel injectors. Biodiesel has been known to break down deposits of residue in the fuel lines where petro diesel has been used. As a result, fuel filters may become clogged with particulates if a quick transition to pure biodiesel is made. Therefore, it is recommended to change the fuel filters on engines and heaters shortly after first switching to a biodiesel blend. In 2007, in the United States, average retail prices, including federal and state fuel taxes, of B2 and B5 were lower than petroleum diesel by about 12 cents, and B20 blends were the same as petro diesel. However, as part as a dramatic shift in diesel pricing, by July 2009, the US DOE was reporting average costs of B20 15 cents per gallon higher than petroleum diesel making it $2.69 per gallon versus $2.54 per gallon.…
Petroleum diesel is a fuel made from crude oil. Biodiesel is a fuel made from vegetable oils. To make biodiesel, large areas of land are needed to grow crops from which the vegetable oils are extracted. Large areas of forest are cleared by burning the trees to provide more land for growing these crops.…
are also other plants that can be used to make biodiesel like soybeans or canola. Algae…
¬¬¬¬In this lab, we explored the theory of combustion and used it to create and biodiesel. Diesel is a common fuel used to power many large trucks and heavy equipment (such as tractors and backhoes). Diesel fuel is made from crude oil that was formed over millions of years by the decomposition of prehistoric plants and animals. Through the use of an oil well, crude oil is pumped out of the ground and transferred (often by large ocean tankers) to oil distillation units. Crude oil contains widely varying organic chemicals that range in size from small molecules with only 1 carbon atom to very large molecules with more than 20 carbon atoms that can be separated into various fractions (or components) based on the size with a distillation tower.…
George Keller of the Standard Oil Company of California (Socal) is considering how much to bid for Gulf Oil Corporation (Gulf), which is currently in the middle of a bidding war. Gulf is unwilling to consider bids below $70 per share even though their share price was $39 at the time Boone Pickens began purchasing shares in the hopes of a takeover. II. Statement of Facts and Assumptions Under the direction of James Lee, Gulf pursued a twofold strategy. First, Gulf renewed its focused on oil whereas in the past, Gulf had developed into an energy conglomerate through various acquisitions of coalmines, uranium mines, and synthetic fuel plants. These ventures would be de-emphasized going forward. For second part of the strategy, Gulf planned to implement a policy of increased expenditures on exploration and development (E&D). During the years leading up to the takeover attempt, Gulf more than doubled its exploration outlays. While Gulf was continuing with its ambitious E&D program, the real price of oil and natural gas declined from 1982 through 1983. As 1984 began, almost all industry experts were in agreement that the price of oil (in constant dollars) was not expected to change for the following 10 years. Lee trimmed exploration expenditures in 1983 in response to these changing fundamentals. Even at the reduced level, spending for exploration in real terms equaled or exceeded that of every year before Lee’s arrival except one. Based on this picture, Socal needs to value Gulf. There are several sources of value that can be considered: the value of Gulf’s petroleum reserves; the cost savings related to the immediate suspension of Gulf’s E&D program; the tax benefits associated with additional leverage; the value added by shortening the recovery lag; and the value of any adverse effects due to the acquisition of Gulf by a competitor1.…
o Ethanol: biofuel made from plants such as sugarcane, corn and switch-‐ grass. § Convert starch in plant material to simply sugars that are processed into ethanol Advantages of Biofuels (over oil) • Oil is concentrated in small number of countries -‐-‐ biofuels can be grown almost anywhere • If crops not used faster than can be replenished à no net increase in CO2 emissions – [UNLESS existing forests or grasslands are cleared to raise the new crops] • Biofuels are available, easy to store and transport in existing fuel networks (bridge technology)! • Can reduce CO2 emissions by 70% (if forests are not cleared!)…
The percent yield of ethanol from sucrose was successfully high, at 93.3 %. The final mass of the distillate obtained after fermentation and the fractional distillation process was 0.81g. The distillate was collected when the temperature reached approximately 50-70°C. The amount of ethanol that should have been produced was 13.66 ml, had the entire distillate (over 100 ml) been distilled fractionally . The density of the distillate obtained was 0.81 g/mL; therefore, the percent ethanol by weight was approximately 90%. The distillate contained mostly ethanol, but also contained water because due to the azeotropic mixture water and ethanol mix to produce, consisting of 95% ethanol and 5% water by weight. This experiment was a success due to the high percent yield of ethanol from the fermentation of sugar.…
Objective: The purpose of this lab was to use transfer hydrogenation to saturate glycerol trioleate (the main fat in olive oil) to produce glycerol tristearate.…
The hypothesis for the Oil Absorbency Lab was rejected. My hypothesis was that if a person puts a sponge in materials “crude oil”, then it will absorb the most amount of oil. The data collected from this experiment rejected the hypothesis because it stated that the sponge would absorb the most oil, but the sponge did not absorb more oil than the rag. The rag and sponge’s ranges were for the first trial was 53.0g, the second trial was 51.0g, and the third trial was 46.0g and the rag. The rag and sponge’s averaged ranged scores were 51.0g, I believe this happened because the rag has more space than the sponge to hold the oil. An outside factor that may have caused this outcome could have been the amount of pressure placed on the material…
Like ethanol, biodiesel is a renewable alternative fuel for cars. This is because it is made from…
Majority of the worlds energy needs are supplied through petrochemical sources, coal and natural gases, with the exception of hydroelectricity and nuclear energy. All these sources are finite and at current rate of usage these will be consumed shortly. The high energy demand in the industrialized world as well as in the domestic sector and pollution problems caused due to the widespread use of fossil fuels make it increasingly necessary to develop the renewable energy sources of limitless duration and smaller environmental impact than the traditional one. As a result research and development for alternative sources to replace the petroleum-based fuels has started.…
Biodiesel can help to cut our reliance on fossil fuels, and improve our energy security and energy independence. It could be massively produced in many parts of the world, the US alone has the capacity to produce annualy more than 50 million gallons of biodiesel.…
These days, the air pollution is very common. And one factor for this problem is the carbon emissions from the vehicles. Vehicles that use petrol or gas are a liquid mixture created from crude oil. It is true that using petrol, you can travel a hundred kilometer with a full tank, but it greatly affects the environment as it produce carbon when burned.…