Macbeth (1606). Shakespeare is appreciated for the ways in which he beautifully and poignantly expresses the dilemmas at the core of human existence.
Brief synopsis
The Moor, Othello, is a respected leader in the Venetian army. The play opens with news of his elopement with Desdemona, the daughter of Senator Brabantio. Othello is posted to Cyprus to fight the Turks. Whilst there, his flag bearer, Iago, hatches a plot to ruin his master’s marriage and career. Among other motives, Iago is driven by jealousy that Cassio is appointed Othello’s lieutenant ahead of him. Iago thus persuades Othello that Cassio and Desdemona are having an affair. Plagued by jealousy, Othello kills Desdemona, and then kills himself once it is revealed that she was innocent of the accusation of adultery.
Background & context
Venice
The play begins in the city-state of Venice, in what is now known as Italy. Venice was a powerful merchant republic ruled by nobles, rather than by royalty or a religious leader. From the point of view of Shakespeare’s English audience, the Venetians were mistrusted due to what was perceived as their mercantile self-interest and lust for power. Iago’s remark that Venetians are
‘super-subtle’ is not far from how Shakespeare’s audience would have seen them. Cassio, who is so maliciously wronged by Iago, is a Florentine – a background which distances him from the manipulative ways of the Venetian Iago.
Cyprus
From Act II onwards, the play moves to Cyprus. It is significant that this Act begins with a violent storm at sea. The storm fortuitously devastates the Turkish fleet, but also symbolically signals the chaos and tragedy that is unleashed amongst the Venetians in Cyprus: Cassio gets drunk and fights, Desdemona is (falsely) thought to lose control of her own desires, and Othello’s violent side comes to the fore.